Quantifying the average cooling effects of tree, artificial, and hybrid shade using city-wide IoT sensor measurements: A case study of Seoul

IF 12 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Sustainable Cities and Society Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI:10.1016/j.scs.2025.106855

Seon Hyuk Kim , Bona Ku , Chae Yeon Park , Ayano Aida , Haojie Cheng , Suryeon Kim , Chan Park

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Abstract

As urban heat stress continues to rise, strategies to mitigate heat for pedestrians through the provision of shade have become essential. While many studies have quantified the cooling benefits of shade and highlighted its importance for urban planning, the specific effectiveness of different shade types across various conditions remains unclear. Most previous studies have either modeled shade effects or relied on limited field measurements, leaving a research gap in evaluating the average cooling effect of shade across an entire city using real-world data.

To address this gap, this study used city-scale sensor data to analyze the cooling effects of tree, artificial, and hybrid shades during heatwaves. The results indicated that all types of shade effectively reduced air temperature and Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT). Notably, hybrid shade—artificial structures complemented by adjacent trees—exhibited superior cooling performance compared to other shade types. While the average cooling effects of tree shade and artificial shade were generally similar, the cooling effect of tree shade, which was relatively weak during the morning, became stronger than that of artificial shade in the afternoon. Moreover, shade conditions characterized by high density that can maintain low lux levels consistently demonstrate greater cooling effectiveness. These insights can help explain the inconsistencies in previous findings on the effects of shade. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating shade provision into urban planning to maximize cooling benefits. Ultimately, the improved understanding of shade effects will contribute to decision-making in cooling cities to respond to future climate change.

查看原文本刊更多论文

利用全市物联网传感器测量量化树木、人工树荫和混合树荫的平均降温效果：以首尔为例

随着城市热压力的持续上升，通过提供荫凉为行人降温的策略变得至关重要。虽然许多研究量化了树荫的降温效益，并强调了它对城市规划的重要性，但不同树荫类型在不同条件下的具体效果仍不清楚。之前的大多数研究要么模拟了遮阳效果，要么依赖于有限的实地测量，这在利用真实世界的数据评估整个城市遮阳的平均降温效果方面留下了研究空白。为了解决这一差距，本研究使用城市规模的传感器数据来分析热浪期间树阴、人工遮阳和混合遮阳的降温效果。结果表明，不同遮荫方式均能有效降低空气温度和湿球温度。值得注意的是，与其他类型的遮荫相比，混合遮荫——由邻近树木补充的人工结构——表现出优越的冷却性能。遮荫和人工遮荫的平均降温效果大致相似，但遮荫的降温效果在上午相对较弱，而在下午则强于人工遮荫。此外，以高密度为特征的遮荫条件可以保持低勒克斯水平，始终显示出更大的冷却效果。这些见解可以帮助解释之前关于阴影影响的研究结果的不一致性。这些发现强调了将遮阳设施纳入城市规划以最大限度地提高冷却效益的重要性。最终，对阴影效应的更好理解将有助于冷却城市的决策，以应对未来的气候变化。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Sustainable Cities and Society Social Sciences-Geography, Planning and Development

CiteScore

22.00

自引率

13.70%

发文量

810

审稿时长

27 days

期刊介绍： Sustainable Cities and Society (SCS) is an international journal that focuses on fundamental and applied research to promote environmentally sustainable and socially resilient cities. The journal welcomes cross-cutting, multi-disciplinary research in various areas, including: 1. Smart cities and resilient environments; 2. Alternative/clean energy sources, energy distribution, distributed energy generation, and energy demand reduction/management; 3. Monitoring and improving air quality in built environment and cities (e.g., healthy built environment and air quality management); 4. Energy efficient, low/zero carbon, and green buildings/communities; 5. Climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban environments; 6. Green infrastructure and BMPs; 7. Environmental Footprint accounting and management; 8. Urban agriculture and forestry; 9. ICT, smart grid and intelligent infrastructure; 10. Urban design/planning, regulations, legislation, certification, economics, and policy; 11. Social aspects, impacts and resiliency of cities; 12. Behavior monitoring, analysis and change within urban communities; 13. Health monitoring and improvement; 14. Nexus issues related to sustainable cities and societies; 15. Smart city governance; 16. Decision Support Systems for trade-off and uncertainty analysis for improved management of cities and society; 17. Big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence applications and case studies; 18. Critical infrastructure protection, including security, privacy, forensics, and reliability issues of cyber-physical systems. 19. Water footprint reduction and urban water distribution, harvesting, treatment, reuse and management; 20. Waste reduction and recycling; 21. Wastewater collection, treatment and recycling; 22. Smart, clean and healthy transportation systems and infrastructure;