Harnessing Egyptian medicinal plants for diabetes management: A focus on type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, primarily due to insulin resistance or inadequate insulin secretion. Persistent hyperglycemia is associated with serious complications, making effective management essential. Recent research has highlighted the potential of phytochemicals derived from Egyptian medicinal plants in modulating blood glucose levels and enhancing insulin sensitivity. However, the specific efficacy of compounds such as flavonoids, glycosides, and quercetin from these plants remains underexplored. This review aims to evaluate the anti-diabetic potential of Egyptian flora through both preclinical and clinical studies, with a focus on promising species that warrant further investigation. A comprehensive literature search up to July 2025 was conducted, examining the effects of phytochemical-rich plants such as Balanites aegyptiaca (Zygophyllaceae), Acacia nilotica (Fabaceae), Zea mays L. (Poaceae), Rumex vesicarius L. (Polygonaceae), and Ajuga iva (Lamiaceae) on glycemic control, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and organ safety. Among 256 identified species, bioactive compounds including flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic acids, charantin, and saponins were prevalent in widely distributed plants like Centaurea alexandrina, Caralluma europaea, Calotropis procera, and Rhus coriaria, found across deserts, oases, and coastal regions. Animal model studies have demonstrated these plants’ ability to reduce oxidative stress and improve pancreatic function. Clinical trials further confirmed their efficacy, showing significant reductions in blood glucose, BMI, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, HbA1c, and liver enzymes, alongside improved HDL levels compared to placebo groups. Clinical trials further confirmed their efficacy, showing significant reductions in blood glucose, BMI, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, HbA1c, and liver enzymes, alongside improved HDL levels compared to placebo groups. In conclusion, Egyptian medicinal plants offer promising therapeutic potential for T2DM management by targeting key metabolic pathways. Additionally, emerging evidence suggests that small RNA therapeutics—such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)—may complement phytochemical-based treatments by modulating gene expression involved in insulin signaling, inflammation, and glucose homeostasis. Integrating these molecular tools with plant-derived therapies could open new avenues for precision medicine in diabetes care.