Synthesis, properties, and environmental applications of magnetic nanocellulose composites

Abstract

Magnetic nanocellulose composites (MNCCs) are a novel class of materials that combine the sustainable and versatile properties of nanocellulose with the dynamic functionality of magnetic nanoparticles. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the synthesis strategies, structural modifications, functional properties, and diverse applications of MNCCs, particularly in environmental remediation, water treatment, and biomedical fields. Emphasis is placed on various fabrication techniques, including in-situ co-precipitation and green synthesis, along with post-synthesis surface functionalization approaches to enhance dispersion, stability, and selectivity. The recyclability and regeneration of MNCCs—a critical yet underexplored aspect—is addressed, highlighting their reusability through magnetic separation and chemical desorption methods. Furthermore, the challenges facing MNCCs including toxicity concerns, environmental risks, and the lack of standardized testing methods are also reviewed, with special emphasis to their environmental fate, bioaccumulation, and long-term stability of MNCCs, which remain quite underexplored. The integration of MNCCs in real-time monitoring systems, hybrid multifunctional composites, and smart materials capable of stimuli-responsive behavior and self-healing are the perspectives for wider adoption of these materials. Aligning the MNCC material design with industrial feasibility and lifecycle assessment, can help in transition from laboratory-scale innovation to impactful technologies.