Coral reefs in Vietnam: current state of research and future perspectives

Abstract

This in-depth review investigated the status and prospects of coral reef research in Vietnam. Coral reefs along the coastline of Vietnam characterize a critical element of marine biodiversity and coastal ecosystem services in the country. The 3260 km coastline of Vietnam supports 1100 recorded coral species, and geographically, in addition to the archipelagos, the coral reef zones in Vietnam have been divided into three: the northern, central, and southern zones. Several hard and soft corals, reef fish, invertebrates, and endemic/rare species are found associated with reefs in Vietnam. However, the coral reefs in Vietnam are increasingly threatened by climate change, destructive fishing practices, coastal development, and pollution. Recent assessments show that more than 50 % of Vietnam's coral reefs are in poor condition, with declining live coral cover and biodiversity. Despite their importance and ongoing conservation efforts, research and monitoring remain limited in scope, duration, and geographic coverage in Vietnam. Research priorities include long-term ecological monitoring, studies on coral resilience to thermal stress and acidification, improved reef restoration techniques, and effective integration of socioeconomic and policy research. Technological advancements—such as remote sensing, environmental DNA (eDNA), and artificial intelligence—offer new opportunities for data collection and analysis. To ensure effective reef conservation, Vietnam must invest in scientific capacity, enhance inter-institutional collaboration, and embed research findings into marine governance frameworks. A multidisciplinary and progressive research agenda is essential for protecting and restoring Vietnam's coral reefs amid growing environmental and anthropogenic pressures. By aligning scientific innovation with policy and community-based management, Vietnam can build a more resilient framework for sustaining its coral reef ecosystems. Such an integrated approach will not only safeguard marine biodiversity but also secure the ecological and socioeconomic benefits that coral reefs provide for future generations.