Direct and indirect metal contamination of estuarine sediments by boat paint particles

IF 4.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Marine pollution bulletin Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118719

Andrew Turner, Ho Kwan Cheung

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Abstract

Surface and subsurface estuarine sediments close to a cluster of abandoned boats have been fractionated (between <250 and 5000 μm) and analysed microscopically for paint particles. Paints were encountered in all samples, with concentrations calculated for whole sediment samples up to 1450 per kg (dry weight). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of paint particles retained by the coarsest (>5000 μm) size fraction revealed heterogeneous concentrations of Ba, Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn that reflect pigments and antifoulants used in various recent and historical antifouling and above waterline boat paints. Analysis of sediments by XRF revelated heterogeneous distributions of these metals between locations, size fractions and depths, and among replicate measurements at different positions of the same sample. Consequently, no relationship with grain size (evaluated using Rb as a proxy) was evident and concentrations often greatly exceeded predicted effect levels for sediments. Re-analysis of sediments after paint particles had been manually removed revealed no statistical difference in median concentrations for Cu, Pb and Zn but significantly lower concentrations for Ba and Sn. This suggests that paint particles contribute directly to the contamination of sediment by Ba and Sn, but indirectly, through leaching and adsorption, to contamination by Cu, Pb and Zn. These two types of association have implications for metal persistence and bioavailability in sediment, and raise questions about how sediment quality should be assessed in the presence of particulate contaminants.

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船漆颗粒对河口沉积物的直接和间接金属污染

靠近一群废弃船只的河口表层和地下沉积物已被分离（在<；250和5000 μm之间），并在显微镜下分析了油漆颗粒。在所有样品中都遇到了油漆，整个沉积物样品的浓度计算为每公斤（干重）1450。x射线荧光（XRF）分析了最粗（>5000 μm）尺寸部分保留的油漆颗粒，发现Ba， Cu, Pb， Sn和Zn的浓度不均匀，反映了最近和历史上各种防污和水线以上船漆中使用的颜料和防污剂。沉积物的XRF分析揭示了这些金属在不同位置、大小分数和深度之间的不均匀分布，以及在同一样品不同位置的重复测量之间的不均匀分布。因此，与粒度（以Rb为代表进行评估）没有明显的关系，浓度往往大大超过预测的沉积物效应水平。手工去除油漆颗粒后对沉积物的重新分析显示，Cu、Pb和Zn的中位数浓度无统计学差异，但Ba和Sn的中位数浓度显著降低。这表明，涂料颗粒对沉积物的Ba和Sn污染有直接影响，但对Cu、Pb和Zn污染有间接影响，主要通过浸出和吸附作用。这两种类型的关联对沉积物中的金属持久性和生物利用度有影响，并提出了在颗粒污染物存在的情况下如何评估沉积物质量的问题。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Marine pollution bulletin 环境科学-海洋与淡水生物学

CiteScore

10.20

自引率

15.50%

发文量

1077

审稿时长

68 days

期刊介绍： Marine Pollution Bulletin is concerned with the rational use of maritime and marine resources in estuaries, the seas and oceans, as well as with documenting marine pollution and introducing new forms of measurement and analysis. A wide range of topics are discussed as news, comment, reviews and research reports, not only on effluent disposal and pollution control, but also on the management, economic aspects and protection of the marine environment in general.