Vachellia tortilis subsp. raddiana (Savi): A review on its ecology, traditional uses, pharmacological properties and conservation strategies in arid ecosystems

Abstract

This literature review focused on Vachellia tortilis subsp. raddiana (previously classified as Acacia raddiana), due to its critical role in reinforcing the resilience of arid ecosystems and its beneficial implications for human health. Based on an in-depth analysis, this paper explores the species’ ecological and ethnobotanical value. It begins with a discussion of its taxonomy and distribution across major arid regions. In these environments, characterized by extremely high temperatures and water scarcity, this plant maintains ecological balance and plays a key role in traditional medicine. It contributes to nitrogen fixation, prevents erosion and interacts positively with other species. Highly adaptable to climate change, it reduces leaf size and develops deep roots. This species is now threatened by overgrazing, deforestation, and pollution. Conservation efforts focus on reducing grazing pressure, raising awareness, and promoting eco-friendly practices. Vachellia tortilis subsp. raddiana is remarkably useful for its ecological and economic importance. Different parts of the plant (leaves, wood, bark, seeds, gum) are used traditionally in construction, food, and to treat diseases such as gastric disorders, diabetes, diarrhoea, inflammation, and hypertension. Its extracts are rich in phenolic acids, isoflavones, and flavonoids, which show antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. These findings highlight the species’ potential for drug development. This review underscores the urgency of conserving this species and advancing research into its ecological, pharmacological potentials. By integrating traditional knowledge and science, Vachellia tortilis subsp. raddiana can contribute to biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and human well-being.