Ore-forming processes of the Ketelegaole Cu-W polymetallic deposit, East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, China: Constraints from textures, trace elements, and sulfur isotopes of pyrite, pyrrhotite and sphalerite

IF 3.6 2区地球科学 Q1 GEOLOGY

Ore Geology Reviews Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106900

Ming-Yu Tang , Shi-Jiong Han , Cheng-Gang Cao , Rong-Qiang Guo , Yi-Chen Chen , Yu-Rui Yuan , Jin-Xin Yuan , Jun-Jun Han , Shi-Gui Zhao

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Abstract

The Ketelegaole Cu-W polymetallic deposit (1.11 Mt at 0.50% Cu, 0.50% WO₃, 1.22% Pb, and 3.60% Zn) is situated in the Qimantagh area, eastern East Kunlun Orogenic Belt. As the first systematic study of this deposit, we integrate field geology with LA-ICP-MS trace element analysis and sulfur isotopes of sulfides from different mineralization stages, supplemented by regional comparisons. These results provide initial constraints on its genetic type, mineralization processes, and fluid evolution.

LA-ICP-MS trace element data of sulfides indicate that Po1 is enriched in Co and Ni with high Co/Ni ratios, suggesting a high-temperature origin. Co, Ni, and Bi decrease from Py1 to Py3 suggest a cooling trend in the ore-forming fluid, possibly due to increased meteoric water influx. Py1 and Py3 exhibit As and Cu enrichment but Co and Ni depletion, along with low Co/Ni, Tl/Cu, high As/Sb (>20) ratios, and elevated Ag/Co (>0.01), indicating vigorous fluid boiling during this stage. Sphalerite is enriched in Fe, Mn, Co, In, and Sn, but depletion in Ga and Ge. The Ga/In (0.001 ∼ 0.05) and Zn/Cd (155 ∼ 223) ratios, combined with Fe/Zn geothermometry (255 ∼ 380 °C, avg. 322 °C), confirm that the Ketelegaole Cu-W polymetallic deposit formed in a high-temperature hydrothermal system.

LA-ICP-MS sulfur isotope data reveal the majority of sulfides (Po1, Po2, Py1, Py3, Sp) display a narrow δ³⁴S range (−0.14 ‰ to 4.12 ‰, n = 29), consistent with magmatic sulfur signatures. Early sulfides from the pyrite stage (Py1, Po2) show moderately negative δ³⁴S values (Py1: −6.4 to − 6.2 ‰, n = 4; Po2: −5.9 to 0.6 %, n = 8), interpreted as resulting from vigorous fluid boiling. Conversely, late sulfides from the pyrite stage (Py3) show the slightly enriched δ³⁴S values are attributed to potential mixing with diagenetic sulfur derived from wall rocks. The δ³⁴S values of sphalerite (Sp = 0.4 ∼ 3.5 ‰, n = 17) from the Pb-Zn sulfide stage clearly reflect remarkable magmatic sulfur source. Combined geological and geochemical evidence conclusively classifies the Ketelegaole deposit as a skarn-type deposit.

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东昆仑造山带克特勒高勒铜钨多金属矿床的成矿过程：黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和闪锌矿结构、微量元素和硫同位素的约束

克特勒高勒铜钨多金属矿床（1.11 Mt，含铜0.50%、wo0.50%、Pb 1.22%、Zn 3.60%）位于东昆仑造山带东部的祁曼塔赫地区。作为该矿床的首次系统研究，我们将野外地质与LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析和不同成矿阶段硫化物的硫同位素相结合，并辅以区域比较。这些结果为其成因类型、成矿过程和流体演化提供了初步约束。硫化物的LA-ICP-MS微量元素数据表明，Po1富集于Co和Ni中，Co/Ni比值较高，表明其高温成因。Co、Ni、Bi从Py1到Py3的减少表明成矿流体有冷却的趋势，可能是由于大气水流入增加所致。Py1和Py3表现为As和Cu富集，Co和Ni亏缺，Co/Ni、Tl/Cu较低，As/Sb （>20）较高，Ag/Co （>0.01）升高，表明该阶段流体沸腾剧烈。闪锌矿富Fe、Mn、Co、in、Sn，贫Ga、Ge。Ga/In（0.001 ~ 0.05）和Zn/Cd（155 ~ 223）比值，结合Fe/Zn地热测量（255 ~ 380℃，平均322℃），证实Ketelegaole Cu-W多金属矿床形成于高温热液体系。LA-ICP-MS硫同位素数据显示，大部分硫化物（Po1、Po2、Py1、Py3、Sp） δ34S范围窄（- 0.14‰~ 4.12‰，n = 29），与岩浆硫特征一致。黄铁矿阶段早期硫化物(Py1, Po2) δ34S值为中负（Py1:−6.4 ~−6.2‰，n = 4; Po2:−5.9 ~ 0.6%,n = 8），解释为剧烈流体沸腾所致。相反，黄铁矿阶段晚期硫化物（Py3）的δ34S值略有富集，可能与来自围岩的成岩硫混合作用所致。铅锌硫化物阶段闪锌矿的δ34S值（Sp = 0.4 ~ 3.5‰，n = 17）清楚地反映了岩浆硫源的显著特征。综合地质和地球化学证据，确定克特勒高勒矿床为矽卡岩型矿床。

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来源期刊

Ore Geology Reviews 地学-地质学

CiteScore

6.50

自引率

27.30%

发文量

546

审稿时长

22.9 weeks

期刊介绍： Ore Geology Reviews aims to familiarize all earth scientists with recent advances in a number of interconnected disciplines related to the study of, and search for, ore deposits. The reviews range from brief to longer contributions, but the journal preferentially publishes manuscripts that fill the niche between the commonly shorter journal articles and the comprehensive book coverages, and thus has a special appeal to many authors and readers.