Selective and sustainable recovery of lithium from black mass via microwave and green leaching techniques

IF 4.6 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Science and Engineering: B Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI:10.1016/j.mseb.2025.118734

Alberto Mannu , Maria Enrica Di Pietro , Viviana Bosello , Gabriele Mulas , Cinzia Ferrario , Fabrizio Murgia , Aurora Francesca Foddai , Gabriele Magugliani , Eros Mossini , Elena Macerata , Alessandra Zanoletti , Antonella Cornelio , Sonia Calce , Elza Bontempi , Andrea Mele

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The growing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has intensified the need for efficient and sustainable recycling processes to recover critical metals such as lithium, cobalt, Ni, and Mn from spent batteries. This study presents a novel microwave-assisted pyrometallurgical-hydrometallurgical approach for the selective and high-yield recovery of Li and from industrial black mass (BM). The process integrates microwave-induced carbothermic reduction with a two-step leaching strategy, water leaching for Li₂CO₃ recovery and deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based leaching for Co, Ni, and Mn extraction. Advanced characterization techniques (SEM/EDS, ICP, XRD) confirmed the selective separation of metals. In the optimized version, the proposed process allowed up to 85% Li efficiency. A sustainability assessment using the ESCAPE index demonstrated the environmental advantages of this method over conventional acid-based hydrometallurgy. This scalable and eco-friendly process offers a suitable pathway for Li recovering from spent LIBs, aligning with circular economy principles and future industrial implementation.

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微波和绿色浸出技术从黑色物质中选择性和可持续地回收锂

对锂离子电池（LIBs）不断增长的需求加剧了对高效和可持续回收工艺的需求，以从废电池中回收锂、钴、Ni和Mn等关键金属。本研究提出了一种新的微波辅助热法冶金-湿法冶金方法，用于从工业黑质（BM）中选择性高收率地回收锂。该工艺将微波诱导碳热还原与两步浸出策略相结合，采用水浸法回收Li2CO3，采用深度共晶溶剂（DES）浸出法提取Co、Ni和Mn。先进的表征技术（SEM/EDS， ICP， XRD）证实了金属的选择性分离。在优化版本中，所提出的工艺允许高达85%的锂效率。利用ESCAPE指数进行的可持续性评估表明，与传统的酸基湿法冶金相比，该方法具有环境优势。这种可扩展且环保的工艺为从废lib中回收锂提供了合适的途径，符合循环经济原则和未来的工业实施。

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来源期刊

Materials Science and Engineering: B 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

5.60

自引率

2.80%

发文量

481

审稿时长

3.5 months

期刊介绍： The journal provides an international medium for the publication of theoretical and experimental studies and reviews related to the electronic, electrochemical, ionic, magnetic, optical, and biosensing properties of solid state materials in bulk, thin film and particulate forms. Papers dealing with synthesis, processing, characterization, structure, physical properties and computational aspects of nano-crystalline, crystalline, amorphous and glassy forms of ceramics, semiconductors, layered insertion compounds, low-dimensional compounds and systems, fast-ion conductors, polymers and dielectrics are viewed as suitable for publication. Articles focused on nano-structured aspects of these advanced solid-state materials will also be considered suitable.