Evaluation of pollution intensity in groundwater of Kashiani and Kotalipara upazila (Bangladesh) by using different indices and multivariate statistical techniques

Cleaner Water Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI:10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100134

Molla Rahman Shaibur , Masum Howlader , M. Moklesur Rahman , Mobin Hossain Shohan , Md. Habibur Rahman , Ashik Md Mamun

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Abstract

Groundwater (GW) quality is a critical concern for safe drinking water in Bangladesh. This study aimed to evaluate the GW quality in Kashiani Upazila (KaU) and Kotalipara Upazila (KoU) of Bangladesh. A total of 35 GW samples were collected from hand tube wells at the depths of 30 m - 370 m and analyzed using Water Quality Index (WQI), Synthetic Pollution Index (SPI), Geospatial Techniques (GST), and Multivariate Statistical Techniques (MST). Key parameters, including turbidity, pH, and nitrate (NO₃⁻), met Bangladesh standards, while electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na), potassium (K), ammonia (NH₃), iron (Fe), and arsenic (As) exceeded recommended limits in 5.72–80.0 % of the samples. Manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were not detected in any sample of the two Upazila. Pearson Correlation (PC) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that both anthropogenic and natural factors influenced GW quality. The WQI classified 2.85 % of samples as “excellent”, 57.14 % as “good”, 28.57 % as “poor”, and 11.43 % as “very poor”, whereas SPI categorized 14.28 % as “very pure”, 42.85 % as “slightly polluted”, 5.72 % as “moderately polluted”, 8.57 % as “highly polluted”, and 28.57 % as “unfit for drinking”. The results revealed that GW in KaU was largely unsafe for drinking and domestic uses, while KoU samples were generally suitable. This study emphasizes the need for proper GW management to protect public health.

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基于不同指标和多元统计技术的孟加拉国Kashiani和Kotalipara upazila地下水污染强度评价

地下水质量是孟加拉国安全饮用水的一个关键问题。本研究旨在评价孟加拉国Kashiani Upazila （KaU）和Kotalipara Upazila （KoU）的GW质量。在水深30 m ~ 370 m的手管井中采集35个 GW样本，采用水质指数（WQI）、综合污染指数（SPI）、地理空间技术（GST）和多元统计技术（MST）进行分析。关键参数，包括浊度、pH值和硝酸盐（NO₃⁻），都符合孟加拉国的标准，而电导率（EC）、总溶解固体（TDS）、钠（Na）、钾(K)、氨（NH₃）、铁（Fe）和砷（As）在5.72-80.0 %的样品中超过了建议的限制。锰（Mn）、铜（Cu）和锌（Zn）均未检出。Pearson相关分析（PC）和主成分分析（PCA）表明，人为因素和自然因素都影响GW质量。水质指数分类2.85 %样本是“优秀”,57.14 %作为“好”,28.57 %,“可怜”,和11.43 %作为“非常差”,而SPI分类14.28 %作为“纯净”,42.85 %,“轻微污染”,5.72 %,“中度污染”,8.57 %,“严重污染”,28.57 %,不适合饮用。结果表明，在饮用和家庭使用中，KaU中的GW大部分不安全，而KoU的样品一般适合。本研究强调需要适当的GW管理以保护公众健康。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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Cleaner Water

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