Suppressing dendritic growth in lithium metal batteries: Recent strategies, mechanistic, and technological advances

Abstract

Lithium metal is considered the premier anode choice for high-energy-density batteries due to its exceptional theoretical capacity (3862 mAh g⁻¹), remarkably low redox potential, and lightweight properties. The evolution of lithium metal electrodes represents a crucial step forward in realizing practical solid-state batteries. Nonetheless, lithium dendrite formation remains a major barrier, undermining both the longevity and safety and of lithium metal batteries (LMBs). This review examines recent strategies for suppressing lithium dendrites, focusing on mechanistic insights, electrolyte engineering, separator modifications, and advanced anode designs. High-concentration and solid-state electrolytes enhance interfacial stability, while artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers and three-dimensional (3D) lithiophilic hosts promote uniform lithium (Li) deposition. External field-assisted techniques and optimized charging protocols further mitigate dendrite formation. Despite progress, challenges remain in scalability, cost, and full-cell integration. Advanced characterization and machine learning are essential for deeper mechanistic understanding and material optimization. Future research should prioritize multi-strategy synergies, scalable manufacturing, and real-world performance validation. Achieving dendrite-free LMBs requires interdisciplinary efforts to bridge fundamental science and industrial application, opening new avenues for high-performance energy storage in smart grids and electric vehicles. This review outlines current progress and future directions toward safe, high-performance LMBs for grid-scale and electric vehicles applications.