A critical review of China's hydrogen supply chain and equipment

Abstract

China's dual-carbon goals have positioned hydrogen as a central pillar of its energy transition. This review examines the recent development of China's hydrogen supply chain, with particular focus on manufacturing technologies for alkaline electrolysers, high-pressure cylinders, and diaphragm compressors. In 2024, China produced 36.5 million tons of hydrogen, of which 77 % was grey and only 1 % derived from electrolysis. Storage and transportation account for nearly 30 % of end-use costs, while reliance on imported compressors increases refuelling station expenses by approximately 40 %. We identify key bottlenecks, including limited electrolyser efficiency, the high cost of carbon fibres for Type III/IV cylinders, and insufficient domestic capacity for high-reliability compressors. To address these challenges, targeted advances are proposed: membrane materials with engineered hydrophilicity, advanced surface modifications, and hydrophilic inhibitors; liner design incorporating grooved-liner braided layers with double-fibre configurations; and a three-layer diaphragm compressor architecture. By consolidating fragmented studies, this review provides the integrated manufacturing perspective on China's hydrogen supply chain, offering both scientific insights and practical guidance for accelerating cost-effective, large-scale, low-carbon hydrogen deployment.