Biocompatibility and immunomodulation of MXenes for targeted delivery of bioactive agents and drugs

IF 18 1区医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL

Bioactive Materials Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.09.038

Marzieh Ramezani Farani , Danial Mirzaee , Afrooz Hatami , Krishan Kumar , Seyed Majid Ghoreishian , Yun Suk Huh

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Abstract

MXenes, a burgeoning class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, have emerged as promising candidates for biomedical applications owing to their exceptional physicochemical properties and versatile surface chemistry. This review comprehensively examines the biocompatibility and immunomodulatory behavior of MXenes, with a particular emphasis on their potential in drug delivery systems. We elucidate the critical aspects of MXene–protein interactions, including protein corona formation, cellular uptake pathways, and the influence of surface functionalization on biological interfaces. Special attention is given to the immunological profile of MXenes, exploring their immunogenic potential and immunomodulatory capabilities within therapeutic contexts. Furthermore, we assess the viability of MXenes as nanocarriers for drugs and bioactive compounds, analyzing a wide array of functionalization strategies and stimuli-responsive release mechanisms aimed at enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Despite their immense potential, challenges such as long-term stability, cytotoxicity, and clinical translatability persist. We conclude by outlining these limitations and proposing strategic avenues for future research. This review serves as a vital resource for researchers at the intersection of materials science and biomedicine, particularly those advancing next-generation, two-dimensional nanomaterial-based drug delivery platforms.

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MXenes在靶向递送生物活性制剂和药物中的生物相容性和免疫调节

MXenes是一类新兴的二维过渡金属碳化物和氮化物，由于其特殊的物理化学性质和多用途的表面化学性质，已成为生物医学应用的有希望的候选者。这篇综述全面研究了MXenes的生物相容性和免疫调节行为，特别强调了它们在药物输送系统中的潜力。我们阐明了mxene -蛋白相互作用的关键方面，包括蛋白冠形成、细胞摄取途径以及表面功能化对生物界面的影响。特别关注MXenes的免疫学特征，探索其在治疗背景下的免疫原性潜力和免疫调节能力。此外，我们评估了MXenes作为药物和生物活性化合物纳米载体的可行性，分析了一系列功能化策略和刺激反应释放机制，旨在提高治疗效果。尽管它们具有巨大的潜力，但长期稳定性、细胞毒性和临床可翻译性等挑战仍然存在。最后，我们概述了这些局限性，并提出了未来研究的战略途径。这篇综述为材料科学和生物医学交叉领域的研究人员提供了重要的资源，特别是那些推进下一代二维纳米材料为基础的药物输送平台的研究人员。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Bioactive Materials Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Biotechnology

CiteScore

28.00

自引率

6.30%

发文量

436

审稿时长

20 days

期刊介绍： Bioactive Materials is a peer-reviewed research publication that focuses on advancements in bioactive materials. The journal accepts research papers, reviews, and rapid communications in the field of next-generation biomaterials that interact with cells, tissues, and organs in various living organisms. The primary goal of Bioactive Materials is to promote the science and engineering of biomaterials that exhibit adaptiveness to the biological environment. These materials are specifically designed to stimulate or direct appropriate cell and tissue responses or regulate interactions with microorganisms. The journal covers a wide range of bioactive materials, including those that are engineered or designed in terms of their physical form (e.g. particulate, fiber), topology (e.g. porosity, surface roughness), or dimensions (ranging from macro to nano-scales). Contributions are sought from the following categories of bioactive materials: Bioactive metals and alloys Bioactive inorganics: ceramics, glasses, and carbon-based materials Bioactive polymers and gels Bioactive materials derived from natural sources Bioactive composites These materials find applications in human and veterinary medicine, such as implants, tissue engineering scaffolds, cell/drug/gene carriers, as well as imaging and sensing devices.