Point-of-need detection of Pb2+ ions using a smartphone-enabled fluorescent paper sensor with modified calix[4]arene scaffold

IF 4.6 2区化学 Q1 SPECTROSCOPY

Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI:10.1016/j.saa.2025.126996

Krushna A. Baraiya , Heni N. Soni , Sahaj A. Gandhi , Saim A. Khatri , Pinkeshkumar G. Sutariya

{"title":"Point-of-need detection of Pb2+ ions using a smartphone-enabled fluorescent paper sensor with modified calix[4]arene scaffold","authors":"Krushna A. Baraiya , Heni N. Soni , Sahaj A. Gandhi , Saim A. Khatri , Pinkeshkumar G. Sutariya","doi":"10.1016/j.saa.2025.126996","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we report the development of a novel fluorescence sensor based on calix[4]arene-crown[5] (C4CBy) functionalized with bansyl chloride as a fluorophore. The synthesized probe was characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, including MALDI-TOF-MS, FT-IR, <sup>1</sup>H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR, and 135 DEPT NMR. Emission spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that C4CBy exhibits high selectivity towards Pb<sup>2+</sup> ions, leading to a significant enhancement in fluorescence intensity. This fluorescence enhancement is attributed to the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) mechanism, with a linear response observed over a Pb<sup>2+</sup> concentration range of 0–100 nM (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9927) and a detection limit of 1.65 nM. A Job's plot analysis confirmed a 1:1 stoichiometric binding ratio between C4CBy and Pb<sup>2+</sup> ions via fluorescence spectroscopy. To evaluate the practical applicability of C4CBy, the sensor was tested in real sample matrices, including drinking water, lake water, laboratory water, cow milk, buffalo milk, orange, lake soil, industrial soil, and farm soil samples, within a Pb<sup>2+</sup> concentration range of 0–30 nM. Additionally, a disposable paper-based analytical device was developed, along with a smartphone-integrated portable sensing platform, providing a cost-effective, user-friendly, and highly selective approach for Pb<sup>2+</sup> detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":433,"journal":{"name":"Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 126996"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386142525013034","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"SPECTROSCOPY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

In this study, we report the development of a novel fluorescence sensor based on calix[4]arene-crown[5] (C4CBy) functionalized with bansyl chloride as a fluorophore. The synthesized probe was characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, including MALDI-TOF-MS, FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and 135 DEPT NMR. Emission spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that C4CBy exhibits high selectivity towards Pb²⁺ ions, leading to a significant enhancement in fluorescence intensity. This fluorescence enhancement is attributed to the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) mechanism, with a linear response observed over a Pb²⁺ concentration range of 0–100 nM (R² = 0.9927) and a detection limit of 1.65 nM. A Job's plot analysis confirmed a 1:1 stoichiometric binding ratio between C4CBy and Pb²⁺ ions via fluorescence spectroscopy. To evaluate the practical applicability of C4CBy, the sensor was tested in real sample matrices, including drinking water, lake water, laboratory water, cow milk, buffalo milk, orange, lake soil, industrial soil, and farm soil samples, within a Pb²⁺ concentration range of 0–30 nM. Additionally, a disposable paper-based analytical device was developed, along with a smartphone-integrated portable sensing platform, providing a cost-effective, user-friendly, and highly selective approach for Pb²⁺ detection.

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

基于改进杯形[4]芳烃支架的智能手机荧光纸传感器对Pb2+离子的即时检测

在这项研究中，我们报道了一种基于杯状[4]芳烃-冠[5]（C4CBy）的新型荧光传感器的开发，该荧光传感器以bansyl氯作为荧光团功能化。利用多种光谱技术对合成探针进行了表征，包括MALDI-TOF-MS、FT-IR、1H NMR、13C NMR和135 DEPT NMR。发射光谱分析表明，C4CBy对Pb2+离子具有高选择性，导致荧光强度显著增强。这种荧光增强归因于配体到金属的电荷转移（LMCT）机制，在Pb2+浓度0-100 nM范围内观察到线性响应（R2 = 0.9927），检测限为1.65 nM。Job’s plot分析通过荧光光谱证实了C4CBy和Pb2+离子之间的化学计量结合比为1:1。为了评估C4CBy的实用性，在0-30 nM的Pb2+浓度范围内，对饮用水、湖水、实验室水、牛奶、水牛奶、橙、湖水、工业土壤和农场土壤样品进行了实际样品基质测试。此外，开发了一次性纸质分析装置，以及集成智能手机的便携式传感平台，为Pb2+检测提供了一种经济高效，用户友好且高选择性的方法。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 物理-光谱学

CiteScore

8.40

自引率

11.40%

发文量

1364

审稿时长

40 days

期刊介绍： Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy (SAA) is an interdisciplinary journal which spans from basic to applied aspects of optical spectroscopy in chemistry, medicine, biology, and materials science. The journal publishes original scientific papers that feature high-quality spectroscopic data and analysis. From the broad range of optical spectroscopies, the emphasis is on electronic, vibrational or rotational spectra of molecules, rather than on spectroscopy based on magnetic moments. Criteria for publication in SAA are novelty, uniqueness, and outstanding quality. Routine applications of spectroscopic techniques and computational methods are not appropriate. Topics of particular interest of Spectrochimica Acta Part A include, but are not limited to: Spectroscopy and dynamics of bioanalytical, biomedical, environmental, and atmospheric sciences, Novel experimental techniques or instrumentation for molecular spectroscopy, Novel theoretical and computational methods, Novel applications in photochemistry and photobiology, Novel interpretational approaches as well as advances in data analysis based on electronic or vibrational spectroscopy.