Electrochemical lead detection in water using Nafion coated platinum electrodes: A sensitive approach

Abstract

Lead is a widespread environmental pollutant with significant adverse effects on human health, particularly through contamination of drinking water and soil. The pressing need for highly sensitive, selective, and rapid detection methods has spurred extensive research across multiple disciplines. This has spurred increased interest in developing rapid and highly sensitive methods for detecting lead ions (Pb). In this paper, an innovative electrochemical sensor based on a solid-state electrolyte is introduced for lead detection in water. The sensor incorporates disposable screen-printed electrodes, including a platinum working electrode, a platinum counter electrode, and a silver reference electrode. Key performance indicators such as linearity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and detection limits were carefully evaluated within a lead concentration range of 0 mM to 4 mM. Lead concentrations were determined by monitoring current changes at varying levels. The sensor exhibited remarkable sensitivity with minimal interference from coexisting metal ions and stable performance across varying anion concentrations, and a strong linear correlation (R² = 0.99) between current and lead concentration, with a detection limit as low as 0.5 nM. Furthermore, it demonstrated a quick response time of 1–3 s, showcasing its potential for rapid and accurate water quality monitoring.