Harnessing nanotechnology for improved drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier and enhanced neural repair

Abstract

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) serves as the primary interface between the bloodstream and the brain, maintaining the delicate balance and homeostasis crucial for the proper functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the BBB’s selective permeability poses significant challenges for drug delivery, hindering the treatment of CNS-related diseases. In recent years, advancements in technology have revolutionized approaches to drug delivery across the BBB, yet few nanomaterials have achieved success in clinical trials. In this review, we first examine the structure and function of the BBB, followed by an analysis of the mechanisms by how drugs can penetrate it. We then focus on strategies that leverage nanomaterials to facilitate BBB crossing, categorizing these materials based on their compositions. Additionally, we specifically highlight recent advances in the development of nanomedicines from nanomaterials for the treatment of various CNS diseases and summarize nanomaterials that have been tested in clinical trials for nerve repair. Finally, we provide a perspective on future directions in this field.