{"title":"A systematic review on the dynamic interplay between the immune system and gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease patients","authors":"Danah Almusallam, Samiah Alhabardi","doi":"10.1186/s43094-025-00891-7","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Understanding how a disease develops and the factors that influence any deviation from the balance created by the body is critical in tailoring appropriate treatment for each patient. Existing literature discusses each factor separately, and simply touches on the interaction by recognizing its existence. The objective of this study is to delve in to the relationship between the immune system and the gut microbiota, and how they in turn affect each other and ultimately lead to a diseased state.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>To locate relevant published research, a comprehensive search of electronic databases was performed. Eligible studies were chosen based on predetermined inclusion criteria, which included original research publications exploring the link between the immune system and gut microbiome in IBD patients. Data extraction and quality evaluation followed the PRISMA recommendations. The included studies used a variety of techniques, including observational cohort studies, case–control studies, and experimental research.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Changes in systems from homeostatic function include a dysregulated immune response with heightened pro-inflammatory cytokines, disrupted gut barrier permeability due to increased epithelial permeability and disrupted tight junctions, reduced microbial diversity with elevated levels of pathogenic strains and bacteriophages. Short-chain fatty acids which promote gut barrier integrity and possess anti-inflammatory effects are reduced in patients with IBD.</p><h3>Discussion</h3><p>Key findings from the literature review emphasize the role of gut microbiota in immunological responses in IBD, as well as the reciprocal impact of immune dysregulation on microbiome composition. Further research is needed to understand the molecular interaction between the immune system and the gut microbiota (Caron et al. in J Crohns Colitis 18:ii3–ii15, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/ECCO-JCC/JJAE082).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":577,"journal":{"name":"Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://fjps.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s43094-025-00891-7","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43094-025-00891-7","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Background
Understanding how a disease develops and the factors that influence any deviation from the balance created by the body is critical in tailoring appropriate treatment for each patient. Existing literature discusses each factor separately, and simply touches on the interaction by recognizing its existence. The objective of this study is to delve in to the relationship between the immune system and the gut microbiota, and how they in turn affect each other and ultimately lead to a diseased state.
Methods
To locate relevant published research, a comprehensive search of electronic databases was performed. Eligible studies were chosen based on predetermined inclusion criteria, which included original research publications exploring the link between the immune system and gut microbiome in IBD patients. Data extraction and quality evaluation followed the PRISMA recommendations. The included studies used a variety of techniques, including observational cohort studies, case–control studies, and experimental research.
Results
Changes in systems from homeostatic function include a dysregulated immune response with heightened pro-inflammatory cytokines, disrupted gut barrier permeability due to increased epithelial permeability and disrupted tight junctions, reduced microbial diversity with elevated levels of pathogenic strains and bacteriophages. Short-chain fatty acids which promote gut barrier integrity and possess anti-inflammatory effects are reduced in patients with IBD.
Discussion
Key findings from the literature review emphasize the role of gut microbiota in immunological responses in IBD, as well as the reciprocal impact of immune dysregulation on microbiome composition. Further research is needed to understand the molecular interaction between the immune system and the gut microbiota (Caron et al. in J Crohns Colitis 18:ii3–ii15, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/ECCO-JCC/JJAE082).
了解疾病是如何发展的，以及影响身体平衡偏离的因素，对于为每位患者量身定制合适的治疗方案至关重要。现有文献分别讨论了每一个因素，只是通过认识其存在而简单地触及其相互作用。这项研究的目的是深入研究免疫系统和肠道微生物群之间的关系，以及它们如何相互影响并最终导致疾病状态。方法检索电子数据库，查找相关已发表的文献。根据预先确定的纳入标准选择符合条件的研究，其中包括探索IBD患者免疫系统和肠道微生物组之间联系的原始研究出版物。数据提取和质量评估遵循PRISMA的建议。纳入的研究采用了多种技术，包括观察性队列研究、病例对照研究和实验研究。结果系统自稳态功能的改变包括免疫反应失调，促炎细胞因子升高，肠道屏障通透性因上皮通透性增加和紧密连接被破坏，微生物多样性降低，致病性菌株和噬菌体水平升高。促进肠道屏障完整性和具有抗炎作用的短链脂肪酸在IBD患者中减少。文献综述的主要发现强调了肠道微生物群在IBD免疫应答中的作用，以及免疫失调对微生物群组成的相互影响。需要进一步的研究来了解免疫系统和肠道微生物群之间的分子相互作用（Caron et al. in J Crohns Colitis 18:ii3 - ii15,2024）。https://doi.org/10.1093/ECCO-JCC/JJAE082)。
期刊介绍：
Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FJPS) is the official journal of the Future University in Egypt. It is a peer-reviewed, open access journal which publishes original research articles, review articles and case studies on all aspects of pharmaceutical sciences and technologies, pharmacy practice and related clinical aspects, and pharmacy education. The journal publishes articles covering developments in drug absorption and metabolism, pharmacokinetics and dynamics, drug delivery systems, drug targeting and nano-technology. It also covers development of new systems, methods and techniques in pharmacy education and practice. The scope of the journal also extends to cover advancements in toxicology, cell and molecular biology, biomedical research, clinical and pharmaceutical microbiology, pharmaceutical biotechnology, medicinal chemistry, phytochemistry and nutraceuticals.
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