[Immune-mediated polyneuropathies].

Abstract

The Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) represents a group of immune-mediated peripheral polyneuropathies, which are the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis in clinical practice. Its most prevalent form is acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), though multiple variants are also recognized, such as axonal neuropathies (AMAN, AMSAN) and MillerFisher syndrome. Diagnosis remains primarily clinical, supported by findings in cerebrospinal fluid analysis, neurophysiological studies, and, in certain cases, specific serology. Early detection is crucial to prevent potentially fatal complications such as respiratory failure or severe dysautonomia. This article provides an updated review of the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to GBS, emphasizing its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, first-line therapeutic strategies, and emerging variants treatable with targeted immunotherapy.