Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for propofol detection in postoperative patient whole blood samples

Abstract

Propofol remains the first sedative choice due to its rapid onset and short distribution half-life. However, the narrow therapeutic window and pronounced inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability pose challenges in achieving appropriate sedation levels in diverse patients, calling for rapid and accurate quantification of propofol for its clinical safety. In this work, a sensitive and rapid surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform based on vertically aligned Au nanorods array with enhancement factor > 10⁷ was fabricated for directly propofol detection in unprocessed postoperative blood samples. Achieving by rapid and selective derivatization of propofol with 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide (DCQ) in alkaline conditions, the SERS platform presented excellent selectivity resulted by a strong 1278 cm⁻¹ peak of indophenol. This assay displayed a linear response from 1 ng mL⁻¹ to 20 µg mL⁻¹ with a limit of detection of 0.38 ng mL⁻¹ in 2 min for each sample. Both the artificial simulated serum and clinical postoperative blood samples testing demonstrated excellent quantification performance of as-prepared SERS platform. Significantly, Comparative analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed a Deming slope of 0.95, confirming analytical interchangeability. Moreover, A subsequent cohort of 32 patients demonstrated a robust inverse correlation between SERS-derived propofol levels and Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale scores (Spearman ρ=-0.80, p < 0.0001), a single threshold of 1.17 µg mL⁻¹ predicted moderate sedation to deep sedation with 100 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity. This work furnishes the first clinically validated, reagent less-cleanup SERS assay for intravenous anesthetic monitoring, offering a generic blueprint for real-time therapeutic-drug management in critical care.