Evaluating the diagnostic potential of CA-125 and miRNA levels in endometriosis: A narrative review.

Abstract

Endometriosis, a common and complex gynecologic disorder, continues to pose a challenge to clinicians in diagnosis process due to its complexity. The aim of this review was to examine cancer antigen-125 (CA-125) and microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers in endometriosis pathophysiology and their investigational potential roles in clinical diagnostics and prognostics. In this narrative review, a variety of studies are reviewed, including cross-sectional, case-control, and prospective designs, examining a broad spectrum of patient demographics, clinical features, and biomarker (CA-125 and miRNA) expression levels. While frequently elevated in endometriosis, CA-125 is limited by low specificity and sensitivity, preventing its use as a standalone diagnostic tool; its primary utility remains in monitoring established disease and, adjunctively, with other clinical parameters. miRNAs have gained attention as molecular regulators implicated in the disease process, suggesting potential avenues for noninvasive diagnostics and a better understanding of pathogenesis. The combined analysis of biomarker panels, rather than single markers, may present a shift towards more personalized strategies. The convergence of CA-125 and miRNA research represents a promising advance, potentially leading to more accurate diagnostics and personalized treatment. Future research should focus on standardizing methodologies, expanding study cohorts, and integrating findings into clinical practice to fully harness the potential of these biomarkers.