Advancements in sustainable materials for environmentally responsible tyre production: a comprehensive review

Abstract

The tyre industry is at crossroads, grappling with the dual challenges of waste tyre disposal and the environmental impacts of production. In an era where sustainability is paramount, manufacturers are intensifying efforts to minimize raw material consumption, maximize renewable resource utilization, and innovate tyre recycling. This review critically examines these initiatives, revealing a promising shift towards sustainable practices. Key findings include the industry's adoption of bio-based polymers, fabrics, processing aids, and renewable fillers, which offer greener alternatives to traditional materials. Integrating recycled rubber, bio-based oils, and silica from agricultural waste highlights a significant move towards a circular economy. Advanced technologies such as AI, life cycle assessment, triboelectric tyres, and 3D printing are revolutionizing tyre design and production, further reducing environmental footprints. Despite these advancements, significant knowledge gaps remain concerning the long-term performance and sustainability of these materials. Research into self-healing rubber, vitrimers, and advanced recycling techniques underscores the industry's commitment to environmental stewardship. Nevertheless, the full impact of these innovations on environmental lifecycles remains unclear. This review emphasizes the critical need for further research to bridge these gaps, ensuring that the tyre industry can meet future demands sustainably.