Oliver J. Harrison MD , Kay See Tan PhD , Joseph Dycoco BA , Katherine Gray MD , Smita Sihag MD , Daniela Molena MD , Matthew Bott MD , Gaetano Rocco MD , James Isbell MD , Prasad Adusumilli MD , David Jones MD , James Huang MD , Valerie Rusch MD , Manjit Bains MD , Bernard Park MD
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Abstract
Background
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has become the prevailing technique for resecting early-stage thymoma; however, studies evaluating the oncologic impact of this evolution are lacking. This study aimed to characterize the transition from open surgery to MIS and to evaluate outcomes.
Methods
This was a retrospective, single-institution review of resections performed for pathologic TNM stage I-II thymomas between January 2000 and September 2023. The relationships between factors and recurrence were quantified using competing risk regression before and after applying overlap propensity score weights.
Results
A total of 296 patients were identified, including 118 who underwent open surgery and 178 who underwent MIS (25 with video-assisted thoracic surgery and 153 with robotic-assisted thoracic surgery). Open surgery composed the vast majority of cases (92.3%) performed between 2000 and 2009, compared to 26.7% between 2010 and 2023 (P < .0001). Median blood loss (125 mL vs 25 mL; P < .0001), tumor dimension (6.5 cm vs 4.1 cm; P < .0001), rate of major complications (35% vs 16%; P = .003), and length of stay (LOS; 4 days vs 2 days; P < .0001) were significantly greater in the open surgery cohort. Eighteen patients developed recurrence (open, n = 12; MIS, n = 6). Univariable analyses revealed that World Health Organization class (P < .001), higher TNM (P = .043) and Masaoka-Koga stage (P = .017), and R1/R2 resection (P < .001) were associated with a greater risk of recurrence. Overlap propensity score weighting revealed a cumulative incidence of recurrence at 5 years of 5.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97%-9.2%) for open surgery (n = 47) compared to 7.1% (95% CI, 2.0%-12.9%) for MIS (n = 47), a non-statistically significant difference.
Conclusions
MIS has become the principal approach for resecting early-stage thymoma over the last 2 decades. MIS is associated with a lower complication rate and shorter LOS but may be associated with a higher risk of recurrence in certain situations. Larger studies to evaluate the appropriate role of MIS are warranted.
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