Scorpion venom as a natural peptide source for innovative therapeutic solutions: A comprehensive review of its potential in emerging medical frontiers

Abstract

Scorpion venom is a complex mixture and an abundant natural source of bioactive components, including peptides and other molecules that exhibit a wide range of therapeutic effects despite its notable neurotoxic effects. This review focuses on these bioactive components and their therapeutic potential. Among the most potent molecules in scorpion venom are peptides with high specificity and affinity for ion channels, making them excellent candidates in drug development. The most critical therapeutic application is scorpion venom as an anticancer agent. Several venom peptides have selectivity toward cancer cells by inducing disruption in tumor growth and metastasis. Moreover, scorpion venom can modulate the immune system and thus can provide treatments for autoimmune diseases through its action on ion channels in lymphocytes. Neurological effects, especially in neurological disorders caused by venom peptides, come through an action against sodium and potassium channels. In pain management, scorpion toxins act upon the sodium channels in sensory neurons and provide analgesic effects. Additionally, much attention has been paid to antimicrobial properties of scorpion venom. Peptides isolated from venom have demonstrated strong, broad-spectrum inhibitory activities against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, which have opened a new avenue to develop antimicrobial therapies. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects extend the therapeutic possibilities of scorpion venom further. Venom peptides may reduce inflammation and oxidative stress and relieve diseases associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the therapeutic effects of scorpion venom, emphasizing its potential in drug development for a wide range of diseases.