Leading and lagging strand abasic sites differentially affect vertebrate replisome progression but involve analogous bypass mechanisms

Abstract

Abasic sites are frequent DNA lesions that interfere with replication and exert complex biological effects because they can be processed into other lesions. Thus, it remains poorly understood how abasic sites affect replisome progression, which repair pathways they elicit, and whether this depends on the template strand damaged. Using Xenopus egg extracts, we developed an approach to analyze replication of DNA containing a site-specific, stable abasic site on the leading or lagging strand template. We show that abasic sites robustly stall DNA synthesis but exert strand-specific effects. Leading strand abasic sites stall leading strands at the lesion, while lagging strands stall downstream at template-dependent positions. We conclude that replisomes uncouple at leading strand lesions, then stall due to additional template constraints. Synthesis restarts upon lesion bypass or when a converging fork triggers termination. In contrast, lagging strand abasic sites stall only lagging strands, indicating replisome progression was unaffected. Lagging strands reprime downstream, generating a post-replicative gap that is subsequently filled. Despite different effects on replisome progression, both leading and lagging strand abasic sites require translesion DNA synthesis for bypass. Our results reveal how strand-specific abasic sites differentially affect replication and demonstrate that uncoupled replisomes are susceptible to downstream template constraints.