{"title":"Associations between intelligence, affective temperament, and parental bonding with educational level.","authors":"Hirofumi Hirakawa, Takeshi Terao, Kentaro Kohno, Akari Sakai, Nobuko Kawano","doi":"10.3389/fgwh.2025.1648474","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Educational level is an important aspect of one's life and is associated with biopsychosocial and economic factors. The present study aimed to investigate the association of educational level with intelligence, affective temperament, and parental bonding.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a cross-sectional study. The dataset included 130 individuals consisting of 20 with high school education level, 51 with college education level, and 59 with university or higher education level. First, demographic data, including intelligence, affective temperament, and parental bonding were compared among the three groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Second, multiple regression analysis using stepwise method was performed, with educational levels as dependent variable and significant variables in the ANOVA as independent variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Intelligence, maternal care, and male sex were significantly and positively associated with educational level, whereas age was significantly and negatively associated with educational level.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present findings suggest that maternal care as well as intelligence may be associated with higher educational level. Further prospective studies are required to determine any causal relationship and investigate other factors related to educational level.</p>","PeriodicalId":73087,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in global women's health","volume":"6 ","pages":"1648474"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12464024/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Frontiers in global women's health","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2025.1648474","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Background: Educational level is an important aspect of one's life and is associated with biopsychosocial and economic factors. The present study aimed to investigate the association of educational level with intelligence, affective temperament, and parental bonding.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The dataset included 130 individuals consisting of 20 with high school education level, 51 with college education level, and 59 with university or higher education level. First, demographic data, including intelligence, affective temperament, and parental bonding were compared among the three groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Second, multiple regression analysis using stepwise method was performed, with educational levels as dependent variable and significant variables in the ANOVA as independent variables.
Results: Intelligence, maternal care, and male sex were significantly and positively associated with educational level, whereas age was significantly and negatively associated with educational level.
Conclusion: The present findings suggest that maternal care as well as intelligence may be associated with higher educational level. Further prospective studies are required to determine any causal relationship and investigate other factors related to educational level.
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