A Critical Review of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: Spotlights on Host Plasticity and Potential Spillover Events.

IF 3.5 3区医学 Q2 VIROLOGY

Viruses-Basel Pub Date : 2025-09-07 DOI:10.3390/v17091221

Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana, M Asaduzzaman Prodhan, Joshua W Aleri, Syeda Hasina Akter, Henry Annandale, Sam Abraham, Subir Sarker, Jully Gogoi-Tiwari, Jasim Muhammad Uddin

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Abstract

The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects a wide range of domestic and wild mammals. This review hypothesized that there might be cross-species transmission of BVDV. Therefore, the aim was to explore the BVDV-5' UTR and N-pro sequence-based evidence to understand host plasticity among different animals. A total of 146 unique BVDV sequences retrieved from GenBank, originating from 12 distinct mammalian species that are submitted from 55 countries, were analyzed. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all three BVDV species exhibited genetic relatedness infecting diverse animal species. BVDV-1 sequences obtained from cattle, buffalo, and pigs and BVDV-2 and HoBi-like pestivirus sequences from cattle, goats, and sheep showed a genetic resemblance. Surprisingly, cattle and buffalo in China, cattle and yak in Mongolia, cattle and wild boar in Serbia, cattle and deer in Mexico, cattle and alpacas in Canada, goats and pigs in the USA, and sheep and buffalo in Argentina were infected with BVDV-1 within the same county and strongly positioned in the same cluster, indicating potential spillover with host tropism. Moreover, BVDV sequences isolated from various neighboring countries clustered closely, suggesting potential cross-border transmission events. Based on genomic evidence, the BVDV transmission cycle could be depicted, where cattle act as a primary source of infection, while other domestic and wild animals maintain the infection ecology within their habitat due to virus tropism.

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牛病毒性腹泻病毒研究综述：宿主可塑性和潜在溢出事件的重点。

牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）感染广泛的家养和野生哺乳动物。这篇综述假设BVDV可能存在跨物种传播。因此，我们的目的是探索基于BVDV-5' UTR和N-pro序列的证据，以了解不同动物之间的宿主可塑性。对来自55个国家提交的12个不同哺乳动物物种的146个独特的BVDV序列进行分析。系统发育分析表明，3种BVDV均具有遗传亲缘性，可感染多种动物。从牛、水牛和猪中获得的BVDV-1序列和从牛、山羊和绵羊中获得的BVDV-2和霍比样鼠疫病毒序列显示出遗传相似性。令人惊讶的是，中国的牛和水牛、蒙古的牛和牦牛、塞尔维亚的牛和野猪、墨西哥的牛和鹿、加拿大的牛和羊驼、美国的山羊和猪以及阿根廷的绵羊和水牛在同一个县感染了BVDV-1，并强烈地位于同一个群集中，这表明可能存在宿主性的溢出效应。此外，从不同邻国分离的BVDV序列紧密聚集，提示可能存在跨境传播事件。根据基因组证据，可以描述BVDV的传播周期，其中牛是主要感染源，而其他家畜和野生动物由于病毒的趋向性而在其栖息地内维持感染生态。

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来源期刊

Viruses-Basel VIROLOGY-

CiteScore

7.30

自引率

12.80%

发文量

2445

审稿时长

1 months

期刊介绍： Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915) is an open access journal which provides an advanced forum for studies of viruses. It publishes reviews, regular research papers, communications, conference reports and short notes. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. We also encourage the publication of timely reviews and commentaries on topics of interest to the virology community and feature highlights from the virology literature in the ''News and Views'' section. Electronic files or software regarding the full details of the calculation and experimental procedure, if unable to be published in a normal way, can be deposited as supplementary material.