Access to Food Establishments via Meal Delivery Applications: A Study of University and Non-University Settings in a Brazilian Metropolis.

Abstract

This study aimed to characterize access to food establishments through a meal delivery application in university and non-university settings within a Brazilian metropolis. This cross-sectional study used data from a leading meal delivery platform. All establishments delivering to four public and four private university campuses in Belo Horizonte, Brazil were identified. For comparison, one corresponding non-university location was selected for each campus (yielding eight campus-location pairs). Each location corresponds to a central address within the paired neighborhood that was entered into the app to simulate delivery availability. Pairing criteria were based on geographic region and income levels. Information on establishment categories (classified by keywords), delivery distances, delivery fees, and geographic centrality was collected and analyzed descriptively. The number of available establishments ranged from 7176 to 11,440 across the assessed locations. Most establishments were categorized under keywords referring to snacks (e.g., burgers, savory snacks, pizza), regardless of location. Delivery distances ranged from 0 to 19.6 km, with shorter distances observed for university addresses and corresponding locations situated in central neighborhoods of the city, and longer distances for peripheral areas. Only 4.7% of establishments offered free delivery, and higher delivery fees were more frequent in non-university locations. No significant differences were observed between public and private universities. Food establishments are widely accessible via the app; however, central areas tend to have broader service coverage. Regardless of whether the location is a university or non-university setting, or whether it is central or peripheral, there is a predominance of establishments classified under keywords associated with unhealthy food options.