Diana Echeverry, Pablo Oyarzún-Ruiz, Carlos Landaeta-Aqueveque
{"title":"Synthesis of <i>Giardia</i> Species and Genotypes in Wild Birds: A Review.","authors":"Diana Echeverry, Pablo Oyarzún-Ruiz, Carlos Landaeta-Aqueveque","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090911","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Globally, <i>Giardia</i> infections affect an estimated 280 million people each year, making it a significant cause of enteric diarrheal disease. Despite being categorized as a neglected disease, the prevalence of <i>Giardia</i> in wild animals varies, with both mammals and birds serving as hosts. Molecular tools have identified nine <i>Giardia</i> species, including <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> with eight genotypes. Birds, with their wide-ranging habitats and movement capabilities, are crucial disseminators of <i>Giardia</i>. This review aimed to identify <i>Giardia</i> species in wild birds globally, utilizing various academic databases with search terms such as \"wild birds\" and \"<i>Giardia</i>\" in combination with Boolean operators for comprehensive results. <i>Giardia</i> spp. have been identified in thirteen orders of wild birds; however, they have been genotyped in only seven orders. <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> assemblage A was identified in wild birds from the Americas; meanwhile, assemblages A, B, D, and F were identified from Europe, and B and E from Asia. Assemblage B is mainly associated with humans and a wide number of wild animals. Therefore, ascertaining the prevalence of <i>G. duodenalis</i> and its assemblages across diverse avian species and orders is crucial to assess the potential risk of zoonotic transmission associated with the dissemination of this protozoan.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474223/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Veterinary Sciences","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090911","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"VETERINARY SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Globally, Giardia infections affect an estimated 280 million people each year, making it a significant cause of enteric diarrheal disease. Despite being categorized as a neglected disease, the prevalence of Giardia in wild animals varies, with both mammals and birds serving as hosts. Molecular tools have identified nine Giardia species, including Giardia duodenalis with eight genotypes. Birds, with their wide-ranging habitats and movement capabilities, are crucial disseminators of Giardia. This review aimed to identify Giardia species in wild birds globally, utilizing various academic databases with search terms such as "wild birds" and "Giardia" in combination with Boolean operators for comprehensive results. Giardia spp. have been identified in thirteen orders of wild birds; however, they have been genotyped in only seven orders. Giardia duodenalis assemblage A was identified in wild birds from the Americas; meanwhile, assemblages A, B, D, and F were identified from Europe, and B and E from Asia. Assemblage B is mainly associated with humans and a wide number of wild animals. Therefore, ascertaining the prevalence of G. duodenalis and its assemblages across diverse avian species and orders is crucial to assess the potential risk of zoonotic transmission associated with the dissemination of this protozoan.
期刊介绍:
Veterinary Sciences is an international and interdisciplinary scholarly open access journal. It publishes original that are relevant to any field of veterinary sciences, including prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in animals. This journal covers almost all topics related to animal health and veterinary medicine. Research fields of interest include but are not limited to: anaesthesiology anatomy bacteriology biochemistry cardiology dentistry dermatology embryology endocrinology epidemiology genetics histology immunology microbiology molecular biology mycology neurobiology oncology ophthalmology parasitology pathology pharmacology physiology radiology surgery theriogenology toxicology virology.