Water Parameters Predicting the Seasonal and Spatial Dynamics of the Vibrio Harveyi- and Splendidus-Clade Pathogens.

Abstract

Vibrio species of the Harveyi and Splendidus clades are the causative agents of vibriosis, resulting in mortality rates of up to 100% in common aquaculture species. They are primarily responsible for seafood-related illnesses in humans, causing gastroenteritis. Except for V. parahaemolyticus, the ecological behaviour of these pathogens is poorly understood. We investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi/V. campbellii, and V. splendidus in three Georgia (USA) grounds for Crassostrea virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria. DNA from oysters, clams, water, and sediment was collected over a year-long study and analyzed using quantitative PCR (qPCR) to assess the prevalence and concentrations of the above Vibrio species. The study targeted the tlh, VA1198230, rpoA, and recA genes using species-specific primers. Species abundance was estimated based on the concentrations of the corresponding genes. The species abundance was profiled for water parameters and concentrations of the clade-specific virulence genes toxR, luxR, srp, vhhA, vhh, and vhp that were previously detected in the study area. V. parahaemolyticus was the most common species, detected year-round in 61% and 44% of the water and sediment samples, respectively, followed by V. splendidus (67% and 17%) and V. harveyi/V. campbellii (19% and 33%). V. alginolyticus was rarely detected in water and never in sediment. In bivalves, the highest frequency was observed for V. parahaemolyticus. This species was detected in 89% of clam and 100% of oyster samples, followed by V. alginolyticus (22% and 17%) and V. splendidus at 17% in both species. No V. harveyi/V. campbellii has been detected in clams and oysters. Seasonal dynamics and concentrations varied between the species. Water temperature (r = 0.58-0.63, p ≤ 0.05), pH (r = -0.46), and dissolved oxygen (r = -0.42 to -0.56, p ≤ 0.05) were reliable predictors for the abundance of the Harveyi and Splendidus clade pathogens in bivalves and the water column, but not in sediments. In water and sediments, the abundances of V. harveyi/V. campbellii and V. parahaemolyticus were highly correlated (r = 0.80-0.99, p ≤ 0.001) to concentrations of most of the virulence genes, with some heterogeneities between the sites. The study revealed the species-specific dynamic of the Harveyi and Splendidus clade pathogens, provided the first evidence for the presence of V. harveyi/V. campbellii in the Atlantic USA waters, and identified environmental predictors for monitoring the Harveyi and Splendidus clade pathogens in mollusks and the water column.