Electrochemical Biosensing for Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions.

IF 3 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Micromachines Pub Date : 2025-08-28 DOI:10.3390/mi16090986

Muhib Ullah Khan, Md Munibur Rahman, Nusrat Zahan, Mostafa Kamal Masud, Subir Sarker, Md Hakimul Haque

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Abstract

The rapid rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ABR) presents an urgent global health challenge, necessitating the development of efficient and scalable diagnostic technologies. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as a promising solution, offering high sensitivity, specificity, and adaptability for point-of-care applications. These innovative platforms utilize bio-recognition elements, advanced electrode materials, microbial enzymes, and redox-active metabolites to identify antibiotic resistance profiles at a molecular level. Recent progress in microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip systems has enabled real-time, high-throughput antimicrobial susceptibility testing, significantly improving diagnostic precision and speed. This review aims to critically evaluate recent advances in electrochemical biosensing strategies for detecting ABR, identify key challenges, and propose future directions to enhance clinical applicability. Key developments include bio-receptor-based detection strategies, novel electrode surfaces, and multiplexed platforms integrated with microfluidic systems. Additionally, this review examines essential biomarkers for detecting antibiotic resistance and explores key challenges, including variability in biomarker expression and sensor reproducibility. It also highlights practical barriers to clinical implementation, such as cost constraints and scalability concerns. By presenting innovative approaches, such as cost-effective material alternatives, advanced analytical techniques, and portable biosensing systems, this review outlines a strategic pathway for enhancing the accessibility and effectiveness of electrochemical biosensors in antibiotic resistance management.

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耐药细菌的电化学生物传感：进展、挑战和未来方向。

抗生素耐药菌（ABR）的迅速上升提出了一个紧迫的全球卫生挑战，需要开发高效和可扩展的诊断技术。电化学生物传感器已经成为一种很有前途的解决方案，为护理点应用提供高灵敏度，特异性和适应性。这些创新的平台利用生物识别元件、先进的电极材料、微生物酶和氧化还原活性代谢物在分子水平上识别抗生素耐药谱。微流体和芯片实验室系统的最新进展使实时、高通量抗菌药物敏感性测试成为可能，显著提高了诊断精度和速度。这篇综述旨在批判性地评价电化学生物传感检测ABR策略的最新进展，确定关键挑战，并提出未来的方向，以提高临床适用性。关键的发展包括基于生物受体的检测策略，新型电极表面，以及与微流体系统集成的多路平台。此外，本文审查了检测抗生素耐药性的基本生物标志物，并探讨了关键挑战，包括生物标志物表达的可变性和传感器的可重复性。它还强调了临床实施的实际障碍，例如成本限制和可扩展性问题。通过提出创新的方法，如具有成本效益的材料替代品、先进的分析技术和便携式生物传感系统，本文概述了提高电化学生物传感器在抗生素耐药性管理中的可及性和有效性的战略途径。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Micromachines NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY-INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

CiteScore

5.20

自引率

14.70%

发文量

1862

审稿时长

16.31 days

期刊介绍： Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X) is an international, peer-reviewed open access journal which provides an advanced forum for studies related to micro-scaled machines and micromachinery. It publishes reviews, regular research papers and short communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced.