{"title":"Experimental and Numerical Studies of Two- and Three-Layer Corrugated Boards in Bending Test.","authors":"Gabriela Kmita-Fudalej, Leszek Czechowski","doi":"10.3390/ma18184351","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper deals with the analysis of four-point bending two- and three-layer corrugated boards along the direction perpendicular to the machine direction. The taken segments of paperboard were examined to determine the bending stiffness for three different configurations. The investigations were carried out experimentally and numerically. The tests of bending were analysed only in the elastic range of the material. Each configuration of paperboard was modelled as an orthotropic material. The numerical analysis was based on the finite element method by applying Ansys<sup>®</sup> software. Several material properties and the thicknesses of papers were assumed to determine the general stiffness in bending. In the analysis, two different discrete models based on geometries of the paperboard were elaborated to adjust the results to the experimental ones. The results of analyses for some configurations showed good agreement with the experiment. This paper indicates some differences in stiffness between two- and three-layer paperboards.</p>","PeriodicalId":18281,"journal":{"name":"Materials","volume":"18 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471458/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Materials","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18184351","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
This paper deals with the analysis of four-point bending two- and three-layer corrugated boards along the direction perpendicular to the machine direction. The taken segments of paperboard were examined to determine the bending stiffness for three different configurations. The investigations were carried out experimentally and numerically. The tests of bending were analysed only in the elastic range of the material. Each configuration of paperboard was modelled as an orthotropic material. The numerical analysis was based on the finite element method by applying Ansys® software. Several material properties and the thicknesses of papers were assumed to determine the general stiffness in bending. In the analysis, two different discrete models based on geometries of the paperboard were elaborated to adjust the results to the experimental ones. The results of analyses for some configurations showed good agreement with the experiment. This paper indicates some differences in stiffness between two- and three-layer paperboards.
期刊介绍：
Materials (ISSN 1996-1944) is an open access journal of related scientific research and technology development. It publishes reviews, regular research papers (articles) and short communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. Therefore, there is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. Materials provides a forum for publishing papers which advance the in-depth understanding of the relationship between the structure, the properties or the functions of all kinds of materials. Chemical syntheses, chemical structures and mechanical, chemical, electronic, magnetic and optical properties and various applications will be considered.
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