Alterations in Corneal Morphology and Thickness Associated with Methylphenidate Treatment in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Although methylphenidate is a first-line pharmacological agent in the treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), its long-term effects on ocular tissues, particularly the corneal endothelium, remain poorly understood. Given the cornea's metabolic sensitivity, subclinical changes may occur even in the absence of overt ophthalmologic symptoms. This study aims to evaluate the impact of six-month methylphenidate treatment on corneal endothelial morphology and intraocular pressure (IOP) in pediatric patients with ADHD. Methods: This prospective observational study included 100 treatment-naive children with ADHD and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic assessment at baseline. In the ADHD group, follow-up evaluations were performed after six months of methylphenidate therapy. Endothelial cell density (ECD), average cell area (AVE), standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), hexagonality index (6A), central corneal thickness (CCT), and IOP were measured using specular microscopy and corneal topography. ADHD symptom severity was evaluated using the Turgay DSM-IV-Based Rating Scale. Results: Significant reductions in ECD and increases in CCT, CV, AVE, and SD were observed following treatment (p < 0.001). IOP also showed a statistically significant increase while remaining within normal physiological limits. Weak but significant correlations were found between inattention scores and ECD (r = 0.222), and between inattention and corneal volume (r = -0.248). Conclusions: Chronic methylphenidate use may be associated with measurable changes in corneal endothelial microstructure and IOP in children with ADHD. These findings highlight the need for routine ophthalmologic monitoring during stimulant therapy and underscore the importance of further large-scale, long-term studies exploring the neuro-ophthalmologic implications of pediatric psychopharmacological treatment.