Zinc Therapy in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Cognitive Stabilization in Pharmacodynamically Responsive Patients in the ZINCAiD Trial.

Abstract

Dysregulation contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Zinc therapy promotes enterocyte copper sequestration, potentially reducing systemic copper. Individual biological responses may vary.

Methods: ZINCAiD was a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial assessing zinc therapy in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (EudraCT No.: 2019-000604-15; registered on 26 March 2020). Participants were randomized 2:1 to receive elemental zinc (135 mg/day for 12 weeks, then 65 mg/day) or placebo. Ceruloplasmin was measured at predefined intervals for safety monitoring, blinded to the investigators. Post hoc, "Zinc Responders" were defined by ≥20% reduction in ceruloplasmin at week 12. The primary cognitive endpoint was the Cognitive Composite 2 scale (CC2); secondary endpoints included MMSE and CDR-Sob.

Findings: Of the 48 participants randomized, 9 discontinued, primarily due to unrelated clinical deterioration; 39 had complete ceruloplasmin data. Two serious adverse events occurred in the Placebo group. Mild gastrointestinal symptoms occurred in eight participants, with only four leading to dropout. In the primary zinc vs. placebo analysis, no significant differences emerged in cognitive outcomes. A post hoc exploratory analysis stratified participants by pharmacodynamic response: 12 individuals with MCI due to AD (31%) met the criteria for "Zinc Responder," defined by ≥20% reduction in serum ceruloplasmin at week 12. Only Zinc Responders maintained cognitive stability over 24 weeks, whereas the combined group of Zinc Non-Responders and placebo-treated participants showed a significant decline. For the composite cognitive score (CC2), the interaction between visit and response group was significant (p = 0.030), with deterioration observed only in the Non-Responder + Placebo group (Δ = -2.72, p < 0.0001 vs. -0.71, p = 0.35 in Responders). Similar patterns were observed for CDR-Sob (interaction p = 0.017) and MMSE (trend p = 0.09).

Interpretation: Zinc therapy stabilized cognition in a pharmacodynamically defined MCI subgroup. These exploratory findings suggest serum ceruloplasmin as a feasible biomarker of target engagement. Larger trials are needed for confirmation.