Phytic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for Metal Extraction from Lithium Cobalt Oxide and Nickel Manganese Cobalt and the Use of the Resulting Leachates as Electrolytes for 2.0 V Supercapacitors.
Boren Xu, M Luisa Ferrer, Francisco Del Monte, María C Gutiérrez
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are essential in modern society but raise environmental concerns due to the intensive use of metals in cathodes and the challenges of end-of-life disposal. Besides traditional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes used for metal recovery, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have recently emerged as greener alternatives for leaching metals from spent cathodes of LIBs. A key drawback is, however, the unresolved recovery of the DES, whose cost can represent 30-60% of the leachate, thereby reducing the overall sustainability of the process. Herein, we used the leachates as electrolytes for supercapacitors. DESs based on phytic acid provided leachates with mass loadings of 40 mg of lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) or lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) per gram of DES. The typically poor performance of acidic leachates as electrolytes was addressed through chemical and solvent treatments. Neutralization with tetramethylguanidine expanded the electrochemical window, while dilution with water and/or water-dimethyl sulfoxide mixtures enhanced ionic mobility and rate capability. As a result, the processed leachates delivered energy densities of ≈17.9 Wh kg-1 at 488.35 W kg-1 and 5.77 Wh kg-1 at 4343.72 W kg-1, in the range of those provided by much less cost-efficient electrolytes such as 21 m LiTFSI.
锂离子电池(LIBs)在现代社会中至关重要,但由于阴极中金属的大量使用以及报废处理的挑战,引起了环境问题。除了用于金属回收的传统火法冶金和湿法冶金工艺外,深度共晶溶剂(DESs)最近成为从废锂阴极中浸出金属的更环保的替代品。然而,一个关键的缺点是DES的回收尚未解决,其成本可能占渗滤液的30-60%,从而降低了该过程的整体可持续性。本研究将渗滤液用作超级电容器的电解液。基于植酸的DESs每克DES可为渗滤液提供40毫克锂钴氧化物(LCO)或锂镍锰钴氧化物(NMC)的质量负荷。通过化学和溶剂处理,解决了酸性渗滤液作为电解质通常性能较差的问题。四甲基胍中和扩大了电化学窗口,而水和/或水-二甲基亚砜混合物稀释增强了离子迁移率和速率能力。结果,处理后的渗滤液在488.35 W kg-1时的能量密度为≈17.9 Wh kg-1,在4343.72 W kg-1时的能量密度为5.77 Wh kg-1,与成本效益低得多的电解质(如21 m LiTFSI)提供的能量密度相当。
期刊介绍:
ChemSusChem
Impact Factor (2016): 7.226
Scope:
Interdisciplinary journal
Focuses on research at the interface of chemistry and sustainability
Features the best research on sustainability and energy
Areas Covered:
Chemistry
Materials Science
Chemical Engineering
Biotechnology