The High-Energy Protons of the Ground Level Enhancement (GLE74) Event on 11 May 2024

IF 2.4 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

Solar Physics Pub Date : 2025-05-30 DOI:10.1007/s11207-025-02486-0

A. Papaioannou, A. Mishev, I. Usoskin, B. Heber, R. Vainio, N. Larsen, M. Jarry, A. P. Rouillard, N. Talebpour Sheshvan, M. Laurenza, M. Dumbović, G. Vasalos, J. Gieseler, S. Koldobskiy, O. Raukunen, C. Palmroos, M. Hörlöck, M. Köberle, R. F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, A. Anastasiadis, P. Kühl, E. Lavasa

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Abstract

High energy solar protons were observed by particle detectors aboard spacecraft in near-Earth orbit on May 11, 2024 and produced the 74^th ground level enhancement (GLE74) event registered by ground-based neutron monitors. This study involves a detailed reconstruction of the neutron monitor response, along with the identification of the solar eruption responsible for the emission of the primary particles, utilizing both in situ and remote-sensing. Observations spanning proton energies from a few MeV to around 1.64 GeV, collected from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO-A), and neutron monitors, were integrated with records of the associated solar soft X-ray flare, coronal mass ejection, and radio bursts, to identify the solar origin of the GLE74. Additionally, a time-shift analysis was conducted to link the detected particles to their solar sources. Finally, a comparison of GLE74 to previous ones is carried out. GLE74 reached a maximum particle rigidity of at least 2.4 GV and was associated with a series of type III, type II, and type IV radio bursts. The release time of the primary solar energetic particles (SEPs) with an energy of 500 MeV was estimated to be around 01:21 UT. A significant SEP flux was observed from the anti-Sun direction with a relatively broad angular distribution, rather than a narrow, beam-like pattern, particularly during the main phase at the particle peak flux. Comparisons with previous GLEs suggest that GLE74 was a typical event in terms of solar eruption dynamics.

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2024年5月11日GLE74事件的高能质子

2024年5月11日，近地轨道航天器上的粒子探测器观测到高能太阳质子，并产生了地面中子监测仪记录的第74次地面能级增强（GLE74）事件。这项研究包括中子监测响应的详细重建，以及利用原位和遥感技术确定导致主要粒子发射的太阳爆发。从太阳和日光层观测站（SOHO）、地球同步运行环境卫星（GOES）、日地关系观测站（STEREO-A）和中子监测仪收集的质子能量从几MeV到1.64 GeV不等的观测数据，与相关的太阳软x射线耀斑、日冕物质抛射和射电爆发的记录相结合，以确定GLE74的太阳起源。此外，还进行了时移分析，将探测到的粒子与它们的太阳源联系起来。最后，对GLE74进行了与以往的比较。GLE74的最大颗粒刚度至少达到2.4 GV，并与一系列III型、II型和IV型射电暴有关。500 MeV的初级太阳高能粒子（sep）的释放时间估计在01:21 UT左右。从反太阳方向观察到明显的SEP通量，其角度分布相对较宽，而不是窄的束状分布，特别是在粒子峰值通量的主相位。与以往的GLE74比较表明，GLE74在太阳喷发动力学方面是一个典型的事件。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Solar Physics 地学天文-天文与天体物理

CiteScore

5.10

自引率

17.90%

发文量

146

审稿时长

1 months

期刊介绍： Solar Physics was founded in 1967 and is the principal journal for the publication of the results of fundamental research on the Sun. The journal treats all aspects of solar physics, ranging from the internal structure of the Sun and its evolution to the outer corona and solar wind in interplanetary space. Papers on solar-terrestrial physics and on stellar research are also published when their results have a direct bearing on our understanding of the Sun.