Study of Sodium Alginate/polyethylene Glycol/polyvinyl Alcohol Polymeric, Doped Mn2+, Coated Recycled Fe3O4 Particle Carriers for Enhancing Catalytic Activity and Reusability of Immobilization Penicillin G Acylase
Monier Alhadi Abdelrahman Mohammed, Zhenbin Chen, Mohammed Kamal Hadi
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Abstract
In this study, Fe3O4 magnetic particles (MPs) were extracted from nickel slag using molten oxidation and magnetic separation, then coated with a blend of sodium alginate (SA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and doped with Mn²⁺ to form Mn²⁺-Fe3O4@SA/PEG/PVA MPs. Glutaraldehyde (GA) was grafted onto these particles to obtain Mn²⁺-Fe3O4@SA/PEG/PVA-GA MPs, used as carriers for Penicillin G acylase (PGA) immobilization through a Schiff base reaction. Analytical approaches such as fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), scanning electron microscope-energy spectroscopy of dispersive x-rays (SEM-EDS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) confirmed each modification stage. Enzymological properties of free and immobilized PGA were investigated. The findings have been achieved employing a 2.5 vol% of enzyme solution concentration, a pH of 8.0, an immobilization time of 24 h, and an immobilization temperature of 40 °C. Under these circumstances, the immobilized PGA exhibited enhanced stability across various pH and temperature settings, attaining an enzyme activity retention (EAR) of 95.6%, an enzyme activity (EA) of 31,996 U/g, and an enzyme loading capacity (ELC) of 118 mg/g. After 15 uses, immobilized PGA retained 92% of its initial activity, and the carrier recovery (Re) reached 98%. Immobilized PGA displayed superior operational and storage stability, making it highly promising for practical applications due to its increased efficiency and extended lifetime.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Polymers and the Environment fills the need for an international forum in this diverse and rapidly expanding field. The journal serves a crucial role for the publication of information from a wide range of disciplines and is a central outlet for the publication of high-quality peer-reviewed original papers, review articles and short communications. The journal is intentionally interdisciplinary in regard to contributions and covers the following subjects - polymers, environmentally degradable polymers, and degradation pathways: biological, photochemical, oxidative and hydrolytic; new environmental materials: derived by chemical and biosynthetic routes; environmental blends and composites; developments in processing and reactive processing of environmental polymers; characterization of environmental materials: mechanical, physical, thermal, rheological, morphological, and others; recyclable polymers and plastics recycling environmental testing: in-laboratory simulations, outdoor exposures, and standardization of methodologies; environmental fate: end products and intermediates of biodegradation; microbiology and enzymology of polymer biodegradation; solid-waste management and public legislation specific to environmental polymers; and other related topics.
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