Unkenreflex in anurans– new observations with a review of published records

IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
Michał Szkudlarek, Kacper Jurczyk, Stanisław Bury, Aleksandra Kolanek
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Amphibians have evolved diverse anti-predator defences, including behavioural ones. One of the best known is unkenreflex. It was described for the first time in Firebellied Toads Bombina; spp. and it is, in its classic form, a display of conspicuous underside by lifting limbs and arching back upon disturbance. Unkenreflex has also been recorded in other anurans, but its prevalence across species has not been extensively studied so far. Here, we present our own observations and review published records, distinguishing full and partial unkenreflex. We document 23 cases of unkenreflex, including the first records in Pelobates fuscus, Bufotes viridis, Bufo bufo, Pelophylax esculentus complex, and Hyla arborea. Combining these findings with previously published records, in 43 species partial unkenreflex has been reported, in 34 species full unkenreflex, while both types were observed in seven species. Regarding family and biogeographic realm, the True Toads (Bufonidae) and Neotropics had the highest number of species in which unkenreflex was reported. Our review clearly shows that unkenreflex is more widespread among anurans than previously thought. Full unkenreflex likely conveys survival advantages through aposematism and deimatism, while partial reflex may rely on mechanisms such as protecting eyes, increasing body width to deter swallowing, obscuring head location, and feigning death (thanatosis). Robust large-scale sampling and experiments are needed to fully elucidate the prevalence, role, distal mechanisms, and evolution of this fascinating and understudied behaviour.

无尾动物的不反射——对已发表记录的回顾的新观察
两栖动物进化出了多种对抗捕食者的防御,包括行为防御。其中最著名的是unkenreflex。它在《火腹蟾蜍》中首次被描述;在它的经典形式中,当受到干扰时,它会抬起四肢,拱起背部,露出明显的腹部。Unkenreflex在其他无尾动物中也有记录,但到目前为止,它在物种间的流行还没有得到广泛的研究。在这里,我们提出自己的观察和回顾已发表的记录,区分完全和部分不反射。我们记录了23例不kenreflex,包括首次记录在褐虾、绿虾、黄虾、绿虾复生虾和木獭中。将这些发现与先前发表的记录相结合,在43种物种中报道了部分不可逆反射,在34种物种中报道了完全不可逆反射,而在7种物种中观察到两种类型。在科和生物地理领域中,发现unkenreflex的种类最多的是真蟾蜍(蟾蜍科)和新热带蟾蜍。我们的研究清楚地表明,unkenreflex在无脊椎动物中比我们之前认为的更为普遍。完全unkenreflex可能通过警告和毁灭传递生存优势,而部分反射可能依赖于保护眼睛、增加体宽以阻止吞咽、模糊头部位置和假装死亡(死亡)等机制。需要稳健的大规模采样和实验来充分阐明这种令人着迷且研究不足的行为的患病率、作用、远端机制和进化。
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来源期刊
acta ethologica
acta ethologica 生物-动物学
CiteScore
1.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
18
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: acta ethologica publishes empirical and theoretical research papers, short communications, commentaries, reviews and book reviews as well as methods papers in the field of ethology and related disciplines, with a strong concentration on the behavior biology of humans and other animals. The journal places special emphasis on studies integrating proximate (mechanisms, development) and ultimate (function, evolution) levels in the analysis of behavior. Aspects of particular interest include: adaptive plasticity of behavior, inter-individual and geographic variations in behavior, mechanisms underlying behavior, evolutionary processes and functions of behavior, and many other topics. acta ethologica is an official journal of ISPA, CRL and the Portuguese Ethological Society (SPE)
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