N/F co-doped carbon nanocages engineered with NF3 fluorination for use in highly stable potassium-ion batteries

IF 5.8 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI:10.1007/s42823-025-00885-8

Seongmin Ha, Go Bong Choi, Chaehun Lim, Seongjae Myeong, Seoyeong Cheon, Young-Seak Lee

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Abstract

In this study, nitrogen and fluorine co-doped carbon nanocages (NF-CNCs) were synthesized as anode materials for potassium-ion batteries (KIBs), and their structural evolution with heat treatment and electrochemical behavior with different functional groups was investigated. NF-CNCs were prepared by physically mixing coal tar pitch (CTP) with a SiO₂ template, followed by heat treatment and subsequent fluorination with NF₃ gas. A systematic investigation of the structural properties revealed that graphitization increased with increasing heat treatment temperature as the carbon structure transitioned from amorphous at 500 and 1000 °C to graphite-like at 1500 °C. Furthermore, nitrogen and fluorine functional group analysis revealed significant changes, particularly in terms of covalent and semi-ionic C‒F bonds. Among the samples, NF-CNC 1000 displayed excellent electrochemical performance, with a specific capacity of 395.1 mAh g⁻¹ and a capacity retention rate of 94% during 1000 cycles at 50 mA g⁻¹. The exceptional performance of NF-CNC 1000 is attributed to its high porosity, amorphous carbon structure, and semi-ionic C‒F bonds, which facilitate the efficient adsorption and intercalation of potassium ions. These findings provide valuable insights into the design of advanced anode materials for next-generation KIBs.

Graphical abstract

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N/F共掺杂碳纳米笼与NF3氟化工程用于高稳定钾离子电池

本研究合成了氮氟共掺杂碳纳米笼（NF-CNCs）作为钾离子电池（kib）的负极材料，并研究了其随热处理的结构演变和不同官能团的电化学行为。将煤沥青（CTP）与SiO2模板物理混合，然后进行热处理，然后用NF3气体氟化制备NF-CNCs。对结构性能的系统研究表明，随着热处理温度的升高，碳结构从500和1000℃时的无定形转变为1500℃时的类石墨化，石墨化程度增加。此外，氮和氟官能团分析显示了显著的变化，特别是在共价和半离子型C-F键方面。其中，NF-CNC 1000表现出优异的电化学性能，比容量为395.1 mAh g−1，在50 mA g−1下循环1000次，容量保持率为94%。NF-CNC 1000的优异性能归功于其高孔隙率，无定形碳结构和半离子型C-F键，有助于钾离子的有效吸附和插层。这些发现为下一代kib的高级阳极材料的设计提供了有价值的见解。图形抽象

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Carbon Letters CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

CiteScore

7.30

自引率

20.00%

发文量

118

期刊介绍： Carbon Letters aims to be a comprehensive journal with complete coverage of carbon materials and carbon-rich molecules. These materials range from, but are not limited to, diamond and graphite through chars, semicokes, mesophase substances, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphenes, carbon blacks, activated carbons, pyrolytic carbons, glass-like carbons, etc. Papers on the secondary production of new carbon and composite materials from the above mentioned various carbons are within the scope of the journal. Papers on organic substances, including coals, will be considered only if the research has close relation to the resulting carbon materials. Carbon Letters also seeks to keep abreast of new developments in their specialist fields and to unite in finding alternative energy solutions to current issues such as the greenhouse effect and the depletion of the ozone layer. The renewable energy basics, energy storage and conversion, solar energy, wind energy, water energy, nuclear energy, biomass energy, hydrogen production technology, and other clean energy technologies are also within the scope of the journal. Carbon Letters invites original reports of fundamental research in all branches of the theory and practice of carbon science and technology.