Expeditious photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using ZnO decorated Ti3C2Tx matrix

Abstract

Recognizing the imperative need to eliminate synthetic dyes from industrial effluents and water sources using sustainable solar energy, extensive research has explored diverse 2D nanomaterials and their hybrid combinations. Among these, MXenes have emerged as a focal point due to their exceptional physio-chemical properties, holding great promise in catalysis and adsorption studies. This investigation primarily centres on the hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO/Ti₃C₂T_x composites, poised for application in the photocatalytic breakdown of dyes. The FESEM analysis reveals the transformation of particulate ZnO to fleet-like decoration assisted by the MXene flakes and however some of the ZnO particles got embedded onto the surface and growing in the interlayers. Through XRD the size of the particles were found to be 38 nm with an interplanar spacing justifying the higher absorption surface. Remarkably, the composite demonstrated exceptional degradation capabilities as MB solution was degraded by 97% of its initial concentration within 45 min with good recyclability over 2 cycles. The exceptional photocatalytic efficacy of the catalyst can be attributed to various factors, including precise band alignment, Schottky barrier creation, and an extensive surface area. The rate of each cycle is found to be varying from 0.0658 to 0.06171 min⁻¹ and 0.01599 min⁻¹ in every cycle. This study lays a solid foundation for future explorations involving diverse MXene-Metal Oxide composites, promising significant strides to effectively harness renewable energy for environmental remediation. The findings herein shift towards cleaner industrial processes and safeguarding precious water resources from the detrimental impact of synthetic dyes.