Navigation in the future: Review of quantum sensing in navigation

Abstract

Quantum navigation, based on the principles of quantum mechanics, holds transformative potential for future positioning, nav- igation, and timing (PNT) systems. Compared to traditional Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), quantum navigation offers superior precision and robustness, particularly in challenging environments such as deep-sea exploration, space missions, and military applications where signal disruptions are common. This paper systematically reviews the fundamental principles of quantum navigation devices, tracing their research and development progress while analyzing the technical challenges and limitations faced in current studies. Quantum inertial measurement devices play a pivotal role in these systems, including atom interferometer gyroscopes and accelerometers, spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic spin gyroscopes, nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscopes (NMRGs), and nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center-based sensors. These devices exploit quantum phenomena such as atom interference, spin precession, and quantum coherence to achieve unprecedented sensitivity in measuring angular velocity, acceleration, and gravitational forces. Each of these technologies presents unique advantages in terms of precision and long-term stability, offering potential breakthroughs in autonomous navigation. Furthermore, the paper explores future directions for quantum navigation, identifying key obstacles such as environmental noise, miniaturization challenges, and the high costs associated with quantum sensors. Finally, it emphasizes the critical importance of quantum state preparation, protection, ma- nipulation, and detection. Effective control over these processes will determine the success of quantum navigation systems in providing reliable, highly accurate solutions across a wide range of complex operational environments.