First discovery of bone supports for quivers in china: insights from nomadic populations at Jianjiapo cemetery (Xinjiang, China)

Abstract

This study investigates fragments associated with quivers, unearthed from Tang period (618–907 CE) tombs at the Jianjiapo Cemetery in Xinjiang. A combination of analytical techniques—including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS)—was used to analyze their material composition, decorative patterns, manufacturing techniques, surface pigments, and functional significance. The results indicate that the fragments are made from bones of red deer (Cervus elaphus). The decorative motifs predominantly consist of geometric patterns, which were created using tools such as saws and awls for cutting, polishing, and drilling. Straight-edged blades and compass-like instruments were used to carve straight lines, curves, and concentric circles. Notably, blue manganese oxide pigments, primarily composed of pyrolusite, were used to embellish the bone fragments, a practice that is extremely rare in bone artifacts. Based on their structural features and placement, these fragments likely functioned as reinforcement around the quivers. This study highlights the advanced bone-carving techniques and diverse tool usage of nomadic populations in Xinjiang during the Tang period. Moreover, it represents the first discovery of bone-based quiver components in China, offering new insights into the artistic traditions and technological developments of the era while providing a scientific basis for quiver restoration.