Nanogel drug delivery system loaded with Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem) for potential treatment of wound infection: development and characterization

IF 2.6 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES

Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2025-06-21 DOI:10.1186/s43088-025-00655-5

Nafiu Aminu, Deghinmotei Alfred-Ugbenbo, Oni Moradeke, Momoh Audu Mumuni, Nura Muhammad Umar, Nuhu Tanko, Veera Raghavulu Bitra, Florah Tshepo Moshapa, Thatayaone Monkgogi, Chan Siok-Yee

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Abstract

Background

Herein, we report the development of a novel nanogels (NG) system loaded with Azadirachta indica (A. indica) Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (A. Juss.), commonly known as neem, for possible topical treatment of wound infections.

Methods

To develop A. indica extract-loaded NG, first, extract-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) were produced using poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) as the nanocarrier polymer. Secondly, the NPs were entwined in chitosan (CS) hydrogel loaded with the extract of A. indica to prepare the loaded NG system. Blank NG was produced without the extract. The developed NG was characterized, and its antibacterial effect was evaluated.

Results

Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of A. indica leaves indicated the presence of saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones. The characterization data revealed that the developed NG formulations are nanosized in the ranges of 140–440 nm and 190–610 nm for blank NG and A. indica extract-loaded NG, respectively, and have mostly spherical structures. The developed NG formulation displayed pH-dependent swelling and erosion that are in direct proportion to the change in pH. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed various characteristic bands of A. indica and formulation excipients, confirming the encapsulation of the extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the loaded NG was found to be 0.250 ± 0.05 mg/ml, 0.625 ± 0.15 mg/mL, and 0.250 ± 0.07 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) strains of bacteria, respectively. The NG formulation exhibited significant bacterial inhibition zones which were recorded as 8 ± 2.0 mm (p < 0.05), 16 ± 3.0 mm (p < 0.05), and 6 ± 1.0 mm (p < 0.05) for S. typhi, E. coli, and S. aureus, respectively, as compared with that produced by the crude extract.

Conclusions

An A. indica extract-loaded NG was successfully developed, and it demonstrated good formulation features, stability under refrigerated and room temperature conditions, as well as useful antibacterial activity that could be used for potential wound infection treatment.

Graphical abstract

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载印楝纳米凝胶给药系统。（印楝）治疗伤口感染的潜力：发展和表征

在此，我们报道了一种新型纳米凝胶（NG）系统的开发，该系统负载印楝树（a . indica） Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (a . Juss.)，俗称印楝，可能用于局部治疗伤口感染。方法首先以聚-ε-己内酯（PCL）为纳米载体聚合物，制备萃取物负载纳米颗粒（NPs）。其次，将NPs包绕在载荆芥提取物的壳聚糖（CS）水凝胶中，制备载药NG体系。不加提取物制备空白NG。对制备的NG进行了表征，并对其抗菌效果进行了评价。结果对籼米叶乙醇提取物进行植物化学筛选，发现其主要成分有皂苷、黄酮类、苷类、单宁类、生物碱类、甾体类、萜类和蒽醌类。表征结果表明，空白NG和荆芥提取物制备的NG的纳米尺寸分别在140 ~ 440 nm和190 ~ 610 nm之间，且主要为球形结构。该配方的溶胀和糜烂与ph值的变化成正比。傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）显示了紫荆和配方辅料的不同特征波段，证实了提取物的包封性。负载NG对金黄色葡萄球菌（S. aureus）、大肠杆菌（E. coli）和伤寒沙门氏菌（S. typhi）的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为0.250±0.05 mg/ml、0.625±0.15 mg/ml和0.250±0.07 mg/ml。与粗提物相比，NG制剂对伤寒沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌带分别为8±2.0 mm （p < 0.05）、16±3.0 mm （p < 0.05）和6±1.0 mm （p < 0.05）。结论成功制备了印楝提取物NG，该提取物具有良好的配方特征，在冷藏和室温条件下均具有稳定性，且具有良好的抗菌活性，可用于治疗潜在的伤口感染。图形抽象

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来源期刊

Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES-

CiteScore

2.60

自引率

0.00%

发文量

期刊介绍： Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (BJBAS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal. This journal welcomes submissions of original research, literature reviews, and editorials in its respected fields of fundamental science, applied science (with a particular focus on the fields of applied nanotechnology and biotechnology), medical sciences, pharmaceutical sciences, and engineering. The multidisciplinary aspects of the journal encourage global collaboration between researchers in multiple fields and provide cross-disciplinary dissemination of findings.