{"title":"S-scheme ZnMn2O4/V2O5 heterojunction for degradation of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride under visible-light irradiation","authors":"Guangling Zuo, Hongyong Ye, Jia Du, Xin Ding","doi":"10.1007/s11051-025-06377-0","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To address the inherent limitations of V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (VO) photocatalysts, such as high photogenerated electron–hole pair (PEHP) recombination rate and susceptibility to photocorrosion, the S-scheme ZnMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (ZMO/VO) heterojunction materials were successfully synthesized by loading ZnMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (ZMO) on the VO surface via the hydrothermal method. Through crystal structure characterization, it was found that the prepared ZMO/VO composite retained the main structure of the orthorhombic system of VO, and the introduction of ZMO did not significantly change the crystalline characteristics of VO. Microstructural characterization revealed that ZMO was uniformly and densely dispersed on the VO surface, effectively enhancing the catalyst’s surface roughness and specific surface area while establishing an efficient S-scheme heterojunction structure at the interface between the two catalytic materials. This unique structural design optimizes the interfacial charge transport path while preserving highly active REDOX sites, which significantly improves the catalytic performance of the material under visible light. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) revealed that superoxide radicals (·O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) served as the predominant reactive oxygen species responsible for CIP decomposition. When the ZMO loading was 6 wt%, the composite showed the best catalytic performance. Under the conditions of a catalyst dosage of 0.4 g/L, an initial CIP concentration of 20 mg/L, and pH = 6, a degradation rate of 98.7% could be achieved after 100 min of visible-light irradiation. Notably, the material also showed good stability, maintaining a degradation efficiency of 92.1% after three cycles of use. This study offers an effective strategy to address the intrinsic limitations of VO-based photocatalysts while simultaneously advancing the rational design of S-scheme heterojunction materials for practical environmental remediation applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11051-025-06377-0","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
To address the inherent limitations of V2O5 (VO) photocatalysts, such as high photogenerated electron–hole pair (PEHP) recombination rate and susceptibility to photocorrosion, the S-scheme ZnMn2O4/V2O5 (ZMO/VO) heterojunction materials were successfully synthesized by loading ZnMn2O4 (ZMO) on the VO surface via the hydrothermal method. Through crystal structure characterization, it was found that the prepared ZMO/VO composite retained the main structure of the orthorhombic system of VO, and the introduction of ZMO did not significantly change the crystalline characteristics of VO. Microstructural characterization revealed that ZMO was uniformly and densely dispersed on the VO surface, effectively enhancing the catalyst’s surface roughness and specific surface area while establishing an efficient S-scheme heterojunction structure at the interface between the two catalytic materials. This unique structural design optimizes the interfacial charge transport path while preserving highly active REDOX sites, which significantly improves the catalytic performance of the material under visible light. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) revealed that superoxide radicals (·O2−) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) served as the predominant reactive oxygen species responsible for CIP decomposition. When the ZMO loading was 6 wt%, the composite showed the best catalytic performance. Under the conditions of a catalyst dosage of 0.4 g/L, an initial CIP concentration of 20 mg/L, and pH = 6, a degradation rate of 98.7% could be achieved after 100 min of visible-light irradiation. Notably, the material also showed good stability, maintaining a degradation efficiency of 92.1% after three cycles of use. This study offers an effective strategy to address the intrinsic limitations of VO-based photocatalysts while simultaneously advancing the rational design of S-scheme heterojunction materials for practical environmental remediation applications.
期刊介绍：
The objective of the Journal of Nanoparticle Research is to disseminate knowledge of the physical, chemical and biological phenomena and processes in structures that have at least one lengthscale ranging from molecular to approximately 100 nm (or submicron in some situations), and exhibit improved and novel properties that are a direct result of their small size.
Nanoparticle research is a key component of nanoscience, nanoengineering and nanotechnology.
The focus of the Journal is on the specific concepts, properties, phenomena, and processes related to particles, tubes, layers, macromolecules, clusters and other finite structures of the nanoscale size range. Synthesis, assembly, transport, reactivity, and stability of such structures are considered. Development of in-situ and ex-situ instrumentation for characterization of nanoparticles and their interfaces should be based on new principles for probing properties and phenomena not well understood at the nanometer scale. Modeling and simulation may include atom-based quantum mechanics; molecular dynamics; single-particle, multi-body and continuum based models; fractals; other methods suitable for modeling particle synthesis, assembling and interaction processes. Realization and application of systems, structures and devices with novel functions obtained via precursor nanoparticles is emphasized. Approaches may include gas-, liquid-, solid-, and vacuum-based processes, size reduction, chemical- and bio-self assembly. Contributions include utilization of nanoparticle systems for enhancing a phenomenon or process and particle assembling into hierarchical structures, as well as formulation and the administration of drugs. Synergistic approaches originating from different disciplines and technologies, and interaction between the research providers and users in this field, are encouraged.
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