PM-bound elemental concentrations on coarse atmospheric particles in a furniture manufacturing city

Abstract

This study investigates the levels and sources of metals in total suspended particulates (TSP) and evaluates the related health risks in İnegöl, Bursa, Türkiye. Two sites with different industrial activities were chosen to collect TSP samples over a year. TSP levels at both sites varied between 187.5 ± 126.9 µg/m³, with metal concentrations ranging from 0.02 ng/m³ to 28.12 µg/m³. The dominant elements detected were Na, K, Zn, Ca, Al, Fe, B, Ba, and S. Comparative analysis revealed that local sources, such as industrial emissions, traffic, and biomass burning, play a crucial role in pollution levels. The study employed Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and elemental ratio analysis to determine the primary pollution sources, which were identified as industrial activities and vehicle emissions. The health risk assessment highlighted potential carcinogenic risks for both children and adults, with arsenic being the most significant contributor to these risks. The study concludes that there are critical environmental health challenges in the region due to high levels of TSP and associated metals, particularly in areas with industrial activities and uncontrolled waste burning. It emphasizes the need for stricter regulatory measures to control emissions and reduce public exposure to hazardous pollutants.