Evaluation of antibiotic resistance, heavy metal levels, and oxidative stress biomarkers in E. coli-contaminated milk in Kurdistan

IF 3.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
R. Nabizadeh, M. Raeeszadeh, H. Karimi Darehabi
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Abstract

The production of safe milk in dairy farms is crucial for protecting public health. This study explored microbial contamination, chemical pollutants, and antibiotic resistance in milk from dairy farms in Kurdistan Province. A total of 142 milk samples were analyzed for E. coli contamination, heavy metal concentrations, and oxidative stress biomarkers. E. coli was isolated and tested for antibiotic resistance, while heavy metals were quantified using the ICP-MS method. Oxidative stress indicators, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde, were also evaluated. The study found E. coli in 26.05% of samples, with 50% exhibiting resistance to doxycycline and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim. Heavy metal concentrations, except for lead, were significantly higher in E. coli-positive samples (P < 0.001). Catalase activity was present in E. coli-negative samples, but malondialdehyde levels were higher in positive samples. A negative correlation was observed between arsenic levels and catalase activity, while a positive correlation existed between arsenic and malondialdehyde. Additionally, iron showed a positive correlation with catalase and superoxide dismutase. Toxic metals like cadmium and mercury exceeded permissible limits in E. coli-positive samples compared to negative ones. The results underscore the importance of routine microbial and chemical monitoring of milk to ensure public health. Strict control measures must be implemented to produce safe, high-quality milk.

库尔德斯坦地区大肠杆菌污染牛奶中抗生素耐药性、重金属水平和氧化应激生物标志物的评估
奶牛场生产的安全牛奶对保护公众健康至关重要。本研究探讨了库尔德斯坦省奶牛场牛奶中的微生物污染、化学污染物和抗生素耐药性。对142份牛奶样本进行了大肠杆菌污染、重金属浓度和氧化应激生物标志物的分析。分离大肠杆菌并进行抗生素耐药性检测,采用ICP-MS法对重金属进行定量分析。氧化应激指标,如过氧化氢酶,超氧化物歧化酶和丙二醛,也进行了评估。研究发现,26.05%的样本中含有大肠杆菌,其中50%对强力霉素和磺胺甲恶唑+甲氧苄啶具有耐药性。除铅外,大肠杆菌阳性样品中的重金属浓度显著高于其他样品(P < 0.001)。在大肠杆菌阴性样品中存在过氧化氢酶活性,但在阳性样品中丙二醛水平较高。砷含量与过氧化氢酶活性呈负相关,而与丙二醛呈正相关。铁与过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶呈显著正相关。与阴性样品相比,大肠杆菌阳性样品中镉和汞等有毒金属超过了允许的限度。研究结果强调了对牛奶进行常规微生物和化学监测对确保公众健康的重要性。为了生产出安全、优质的牛奶,必须实施严格的控制措施。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
5.60
自引率
6.50%
发文量
806
审稿时长
10.8 months
期刊介绍: International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (IJEST) is an international scholarly refereed research journal which aims to promote the theory and practice of environmental science and technology, innovation, engineering and management. A broad outline of the journal''s scope includes: peer reviewed original research articles, case and technical reports, reviews and analyses papers, short communications and notes to the editor, in interdisciplinary information on the practice and status of research in environmental science and technology, both natural and man made. The main aspects of research areas include, but are not exclusive to; environmental chemistry and biology, environments pollution control and abatement technology, transport and fate of pollutants in the environment, concentrations and dispersion of wastes in air, water, and soil, point and non-point sources pollution, heavy metals and organic compounds in the environment, atmospheric pollutants and trace gases, solid and hazardous waste management; soil biodegradation and bioremediation of contaminated sites; environmental impact assessment, industrial ecology, ecological and human risk assessment; improved energy management and auditing efficiency and environmental standards and criteria.
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