Lutein as a liver guardian: Insights into its hepatoprotective mechanisms, bioavailability, and emerging therapeutic roles

Abstract

Liver diseases, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are significant global health issues that contribute to over two million deaths annually. Conventional treatments, such as liver transplants, often have limitations, including adverse side effects, limited effectiveness, and high costs. Consequently, there has been growing interest in natural compounds like Lutein (LU), a carotenoid recognized for its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic properties. Derived primarily from green leafy vegetables, LU has shown promising hepatoprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver fibrosis. This review examines LU's mechanisms of action, including its ability to enhance antioxidant enzyme activity, suppress pro-inflammatory pathways, and regulate lipid metabolism. By targeting key molecular pathways involved in liver protection, LU holds potential as a safer, natural therapeutic option for managing and preventing liver diseases. Furthermore, recent advancements in nanoparticle technology have increased the bioavailability of LU, further enhancing its therapeutic potential. This review highlights the promise of LU as a complementary or alternative approach for liver health, underscoring the need for further research to establish its clinical applications.