A review of international grid codes for wind power integration

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI:10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101278

Yun Yu , Yajuan Guan , Bahaa Tarek , Mitchel Andres Leon Leon , Kemal Onur Özcan , Solomon Feleke , Degarege Anteneh , Baseem Khan , Juan C. Vasquez , Josep M. Guerrero

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The installation of wind power plants (WPPs) has experienced significant growth in recent years. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for clean energy sources. In particular, in certain countries with abundant wind generation potential, the lack of diversity in their energy sector creates an urgent demand for wind power (WP). To facilitate the integration of WPPs, the grid code plays an essential role. In this context, a comprehensive review and comparative analysis of common technical specifications given in international grid codes have been conducted, including 11 grid codes from 10 countries and 1 organization. Specifically, this study mainly covers 5 aspects of the WPP’s integration: WPP classification, nominal operating range, active power controllability requirement, reactive power controllability requirement and abnormal conditions tolerance. Moreover, considering the emerging grid-forming (GFM) technologies for renewable energy integration, recent progress reported by 5 transmission system operators (TSOs) and 3 research projects has been summarized, offering insights into future GFM wind development. Conclusions are then presented to highlight the findings and the potential challenges in applying GFM specifications in practice.

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风电并网国际电网规范综述

近年来，风力发电厂（WPPs）的安装经历了显著的增长。这一增长主要是由对清洁能源日益增长的需求推动的。特别是在某些风力发电潜力巨大的国家，其能源部门缺乏多样性，对风力发电（WP）产生了迫切的需求。为了促进wpp的集成，网格代码起着至关重要的作用。在这方面，对国际网格代码中给出的共同技术规范进行了全面审查和比较分析，其中包括来自10个国家和1个组织的11个网格代码。具体而言，本研究主要涉及WPP集成的5个方面：WPP分类、标称运行范围、有功可控性要求、无功可控性要求和异常工况容限。此外，考虑到新兴的可再生能源并网（GFM）技术，总结了5个输电系统运营商（tso）和3个研究项目的最新进展，为未来GFM风能的发展提供了见解。然后提出结论，强调在实践中应用GFM规范的发现和潜在挑战。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Energy Conversion and Management-X Multiple-

CiteScore

8.80

自引率

3.20%

发文量

180

审稿时长

58 days

期刊介绍： Energy Conversion and Management: X is the open access extension of the reputable journal Energy Conversion and Management, serving as a platform for interdisciplinary research on a wide array of critical energy subjects. The journal is dedicated to publishing original contributions and in-depth technical review articles that present groundbreaking research on topics spanning energy generation, utilization, conversion, storage, transmission, conservation, management, and sustainability. The scope of Energy Conversion and Management: X encompasses various forms of energy, including mechanical, thermal, nuclear, chemical, electromagnetic, magnetic, and electric energy. It addresses all known energy resources, highlighting both conventional sources like fossil fuels and nuclear power, as well as renewable resources such as solar, biomass, hydro, wind, geothermal, and ocean energy.