Development of a highly sensitive and ultrafast enzymatic continuous glucose monitoring system integrated with a porous microstructured microneedle-based glucose energy harvester

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI:10.1016/j.sna.2025.117096

Faisal Nawaz , Jasur Makhkamov , Khayotjon Artikov , Keekeun Lee

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

We report the first development of a minimally invasive continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system integrated with a porous microstructured microneedle based glucose energy harvester. For the first time, a three electrode microneedle system is co-integrated using a porous microneedle structure that is separated into two chambers, top and back electrodes, completing the current path and effectively forming a glucose fuel cell (GFC) capable of energy harvesting. The platform comprises multiple 5 mm long microneedles with a base diameter of 0.4 mm, functioning as the working electrode (WE), counter/reference electrode (CE/RE), and integrated energy harvester. The harvester employs a porous microstructured geometry over a microneedle to enable energy harvesting within a single compact unit. The WE is functionalized with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), an intermediate Prussian blue (PB) layer, and dendrite-incorporated glucose oxidase (GOx). CE/RE needles share the WE’s dimensions to ensure identical insertion depth and electrical characteristics. The operating mechanism was confirmed through detailed COMSOL simulations, constituting the first comprehensive simulation of microneedle-based glucose energy harvesting. The developed CGM sensor exhibited a linear current response to 1–20 mM glucose (R² = 0.9246), with a sensitivity of 1.004 μA·mM⁻¹ and a detection limit of 0.68 mM. Selectivity tests showed negligible responses to 0.1 mM ascorbic acid, 0.1 mM uric acid, and 2 mM lactate. Furthermore, the energy harvester delivered open-circuit voltages up to 210 mV at 400 mM glucose, with OCV scaling linearly with concentration (R² ≈ 0.99), demonstrating potential capability to power the CGM sensor and its interface electronics.

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基于多孔微针结构的葡萄糖能量采集器的高灵敏、超快酶促连续葡萄糖监测系统的研制

我们报告了一种微创连续血糖监测（CGM）系统的首次开发，该系统集成了基于多孔微结构微针的葡萄糖能量收集器。首次采用多孔微针结构将三电极微针系统共集成在一起，该微针结构分为两个腔室，顶部和后部电极，完成了电流路径，有效地形成了能够收集能量的葡萄糖燃料电池（GFC）。该平台由多个5 mm长的微针组成，其基座直径为0.4 mm，可作为工作电极（WE）、计数/参比电极（CE/RE）和集成能量收集器。该收割机在微针上采用多孔微结构几何结构，以便在单个紧凑单元内收集能量。WE被金纳米颗粒（Au NPs）、中间普鲁士蓝（PB）层和枝晶结合的葡萄糖氧化酶（GOx）功能化。CE/RE针共享WE的尺寸，以确保相同的插入深度和电气特性。通过详细的COMSOL模拟证实了其工作机制，构成了基于微针的葡萄糖能量收集的第一个全面模拟。CGM传感器对1-20 mM葡萄糖具有良好的线性电流响应（R²= 0.9246），灵敏度为1.004 μA·mM⁻¹ ，检出限为0.68 mM。选择性试验显示，0.1 mM抗坏血酸、0.1 mM尿酸和2 mM乳酸的反应可以忽略不计。此外，能量采集器在400 mM葡萄糖下提供高达210 mV的开路电压，OCV随浓度线性增长（R²≈0.99），显示出为CGM传感器及其接口电子设备供电的潜在能力。

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来源期刊

Sensors and Actuators A-physical 工程技术-工程：电子与电气

CiteScore

8.10

自引率

6.50%

发文量

630

审稿时长

49 days

期刊介绍： Sensors and Actuators A: Physical brings together multidisciplinary interests in one journal entirely devoted to disseminating information on all aspects of research and development of solid-state devices for transducing physical signals. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical regularly publishes original papers, letters to the Editors and from time to time invited review articles within the following device areas: • Fundamentals and Physics, such as: classification of effects, physical effects, measurement theory, modelling of sensors, measurement standards, measurement errors, units and constants, time and frequency measurement. Modeling papers should bring new modeling techniques to the field and be supported by experimental results. • Materials and their Processing, such as: piezoelectric materials, polymers, metal oxides, III-V and II-VI semiconductors, thick and thin films, optical glass fibres, amorphous, polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon. • Optoelectronic sensors, such as: photovoltaic diodes, photoconductors, photodiodes, phototransistors, positron-sensitive photodetectors, optoisolators, photodiode arrays, charge-coupled devices, light-emitting diodes, injection lasers and liquid-crystal displays. • Mechanical sensors, such as: metallic, thin-film and semiconductor strain gauges, diffused silicon pressure sensors, silicon accelerometers, solid-state displacement transducers, piezo junction devices, piezoelectric field-effect transducers (PiFETs), tunnel-diode strain sensors, surface acoustic wave devices, silicon micromechanical switches, solid-state flow meters and electronic flow controllers. Etc...