Synthesis and electrochemical performances of lithium-rich manganese-based oxides materials for next-generation batteries

Abstract

Lithium-rich manganese-based oxides materials (LROs) have been extensively studied for next-generation lithium-ion batteries owing to their high capacity and low cost. However, challenges remain in addressing which pose significant barriers to achieving scalable manufacturing throughput, especially industrial-scale fabrication methodology. Herein, we explore the synthetic conditions including sintering temperature, lithium transition metal molar ratios (Li/TM) and sintering duration time to optimize electrochemical performances by using the Ni_0.1625Co_0.1625Mn_0.6750CO₃ carbonate precursor. Results demonstrate that electrochemical performances are significantly affected by sintering temperatures and Li/TM ratios. LROs powders annealed at 350 °C for 2 h, 600 °C for 15 h and 900 °C for 2 h step by step under a Li/TM ratio of 1.35 achieved exceptional electrochemical performance: first discharge capacity of 287.12 mAh·g⁻¹ at 25 mA·g⁻¹ with a coulombic efficiency of 82.13 %, and retains 91.28 % of its capacity after 200 cycles at 250 mA·g⁻¹. Moreover, this study elucidates the influence of sintering temperature, Li/TM ratios, and sintering duration time on the critical properties of LROs, including particle size, morphology, and phase composition, thereby offering a solid reference for scalable production.