Emerging trends in N-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for CO2 sequestration and catalytic conversion into value-added products: An integrated strategy for clean energy solutions

Abstract

The continuing rise in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations has emerged as one of the most critical challenges of our time, posing an existential threat to global climate stability, ecosystem integrity, and human well-being. This alarming trend demands the urgent development of innovative, efficient, and sustainable technologies for CO₂ capture and its transformation into valuable products, as a cornerstone strategy in the global pursuit of carbon neutrality. N-rich metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as highly promising materials due to their exceptional porosity, structural tunability, and functional versatility. This review comprehensively explores the advances in N-rich MOFs for efficient CO₂ sequestration and subsequent catalytic conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels. Emphasis is placed on strategic design aspects including linker functionalization, metal node selection, and post-synthetic modifications, all of which enhance adsorption capacity and selectivity. Furthermore, the integration of open metal sites and Lewis basic centers is discussed as a dual approach for improving CO₂ activation and catalytic efficiency. Special focus is given to recent breakthroughs in hydrogenation, electrocatalytic reduction, and cyclic carbonate formation, highlighting the mechanistic insights and structure–function relationships underpinning these transformations. In summary, the synergistic combination of adsorption and catalysis positions N-rich MOFs as vital contributors to carbon-neutral technologies and the broader circular carbon economy.