Molecular and thermal signatures of dental tissues in third molars: An in vitro comparative study using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract

Objective

To characterize and compare the molecular and thermal characteristics of enamel, dentin, cementum, and the dentin–pulp complex in permanent third molars using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

Design

Samples from extracted third molars (n = 15) were prepared and analyzed using FTIR to assess molecular composition and DSC to evaluate thermal transitions, including dehydration, collagen degradation, and mineral phase transformation. All measurements were conducted in triplicate.

Results

FTIR revealed enamel as highly mineralized with minimal organic content, dentin and cementum as collagen-rich, and the dentin–pulp complex as a hybrid tissue. DSC analysis identified consistent thermal transitions: water loss (110–125 °C), collagen breakdown (300–320 °C), and mineral decomposition (455–470 °C). Enamel displayed the highest crystallinity, while cementum exhibited the highest enthalpy change. Tissues with stronger FTIR collagen peaks corresponded to higher DSC energy release during protein degradation.

Conclusion

Molecular and thermal profiling of dental tissues provide baseline reference data for biomaterial design and regenerative strategies.

Clinical significance

Understanding tissue-specific molecular and thermal properties can guide the development of biomimetic restorative materials, inform safer thermal thresholds during clinical procedures, and support diagnostic approaches for aging and pathological changes.